An Analysis Of Rousseau s On The Social Contract

Finding Meaning in Rousseau In â€Å"On the Social Contract,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau famously declares, â€Å"Man was/is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† In this essay, I will attempt to explain this famous quote of Rousseau’s. Moreover, through a careful exposition of â€Å"On the Social Contract,† I intend to explain Rousseau’s proposed solution to the conundrum of freedom in society. The preliminary investigation into Rousseau originates with an account of his assertion that, â€Å"Man was/is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† Rousseau postulates that those who consider themselves as rulers of others are, in actuality, more of a slave. Although Rousseau does not indicate how this enigmatic condition transpires, he does consider that he can legitimize the contention. Using an analogy from Causality viz., there must be as much cause as there is in the effect; Rousseau explains that people have a tendency to obey the rules. As long as people are constrained to obey the rules, they do it rather well. Nevertheless, if people were not constrained to obey those rules, they would actually obey the rules better. Rousseau reasons that this analogy corresponds with regaining freedom by means of the same schemes that constricted the freedom in the first place. Specifically, those societal imperatives are a revered right that form the foundation for all other rights. These societal rights are not naturally occurring phenomena. They are, in themselves, based on anShow MoreRelatedThe Social Contract ( P153-224 ) Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe normative social contract, which is the second part of Rousseau s social contract in The Social Contract (p153-224), is meant to act as a response to the problem to which the social contract is supposed to be the viable solution. According to him the ill-favoured state of circumstances that exist in the contemporary societies are laid out in his account of t he moral and political progression of human beings from the peaceful and utopian time of the state of nature where there was equality amongstRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau s Work Essay941 Words   |  4 Pages2015 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28th, 1712. Those who were present had no clue that this child’s life would serve as a catalyst for philosophical and political reform. Rousseau’s writings had so much influence in the 18th century that he â€Å"played a significant role in three different revolutions† (52). In fact his work leaves a legacy so large that you can trace almost all modern revolutions back to his writings. In 1749 Rousseau competed for an essayRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Since The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesFor this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. Contemporary study of neoliberalism and neo-conservatism as in the analysis of Wendy Brown (2006) or of political deliberation and deliberative democracy in the writing of Simone Chambers (2009) is a dynamic consequences of that basic concepts of democracy from the past. During its development, democracyRead MoreJohn Locke And Jacques Rousseau1325 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy 5/4/2016  1. While both John Locke and Jacques Rousseau trusted that each ought to be free and that nobody ought to need to surrender his/her natural rights to a lord, both contrasted on what this situation ought to resemble. Locke had confidence in restricted, delegate government. However, Rousseau had faith in direct government by the general population. The contrasts between John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau need to do as much with dispositions as with frameworks. Both ofRead MoreThe Philosophical Conflict between Freedom and Authority1286 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual living in complete isolation from others, as argued by Rousseau (Cranston, 1993). Other philosophers through the ages had suggested that even that proposition was limited by virtue of the fact that God is the source of all law and all notions of good and bad or definitions of morality and immorality (Rosenstand, 2008). Thomas Hobbes thought that living within any human society necessarily entailed that every individual cede s degree of autonomy to the authority of a sovereign, and that,Read MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State3694 Words   |  15 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY 1. INTRODUCTION: The social contract theory is one of the oldest theories on the origin of state. This theory came into existence as a reaction against the divine origin theory. The term ‘social’ is something which is connected with the society, while ‘contract’ means an agreement between two or more people. Thus a term of political theory, ‘social contract’ implies an agreement that makes society possible .this theory holds that the state is the voluntary and deliberate agreementRead MoreWhat Have Theorists Meant by Liberty? Essay example1589 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli, Rousseau and Milton to identify what they meant by liberty. The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle thought liberty was an ideal that could not fully exist in its pure form in the human world. Liberty has a different meaning in the modern world than it did in the ancient. Benjamin Constant in 1819 in a speech on `The Liberty of the Ancients Compared to that if the Moderns dr ew a distinction between these forms of liberty. `The aim of the ancients was the sharing of social powerRead MoreAnalyzing the Ideas of Locke and Hobbes on the State of Nature704 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ One of the long pondered debates among political philosophers concerns the state of nature concept underlying much of social contract theory, with the esoteric term being used to describe the hypothetical human condition which logically preceded the institution of organized government. Engaging in a rigorous deconstruction of this hypothetical condition, one defined by a societal structure in which mans rights are not protected by the power of the state, provided political philosophers likeRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1717 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain some of the approaches of several philosophers handling this peculiar subject. Such philosophers are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes tried to find a way out of this labyrinth. Traditionally, political theology had interpreted a set of revealed divine commands and applied them to social life. In his great treatise â€Å"Leviathan† (1651), Hobbes simply ignored the substance of those commands and talked instead about how and why human beingsRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source which will be evaluated in depth

Standard Based Grading And Academic Achievement Among...

Standard Based Grading and Academic Achievement among students with Individual Education Plans Nesha Sanders University of the Cumberlands Chapter One: Introduction This study will describe how standard based grading can affect academic achievement in students that have an Individual Education Plan (IEP). Standards-based grading measures as student’s proficiency based on their ability to perform a skill set forth by a state standard. When standards-based grading is implemented students are given clear cut rubrics that outline specific standards that they are assessed on. Subjective grading, i.e. extra credit, participation, getting assessments signed, etc. are not an effective way to measure student achievement because they do†¦show more content†¦For students, and parents of children with Individualized Education Plans, accurate information on learning progress is essential for understanding effectiveness of academic achievement Background for the Study – Most students with disabilities (approximately 85% or more) have disabilities that may create barriers to their learning but do not prevent them from learning to the same standards as other students, if they receive appropriate supports and accommodations (*citation reference 2). Low performing students have always struggled with self-confidence and achieving success in the classroom. Self-regulated performance or performance effort is largely a student responsibility; various external factors have been shown to affect it. These factors often tend to vary as function of the student’s self-beliefs in his or her competence to perform (Tuckman Sexton, 1991). Working in groups also appears to enhance the performance of this average group while engaging in goal setting seems to motivate those with low perceived self-competence (Tuckman Sexton 1991). Students with disabilities may struggle with accessing the content standard at grade level because they lack the foundational skills needed to interact with the material at a higher level of cognitive complexity (Graham Harris, 2013). Therefore, it is important for special education teachers to understand the concepts addressed within theShow MoreRelatedImplementation Of No Child Left Behind1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe ever evolving world of education calls for constant reflection and revision of processes and protocols in a school district. With the implementation of No Child Left Behind, the seed of standard based teaching took root and developed into greater endeavors like the Common Core Learning Standards. As each state has adopted these standards, teachers and students are becoming more aware and accustomed to using the standards every day in the classroom. In moving with this natural progression comesRead MoreGrading System Rationale6250 Words   |  25 PagesGrading Sy stems - SCHOOL, HIGHER EDUCATION Tweet students grades teachers learning ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Search All U.S. Universities Bottom of Form ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form SCHOOL Thomas R. Guskey HIGHER EDUCATION Howard R. Pollio SCHOOL Few issues have created more controversy among educators than those associated with grading and reporting student learning. Despite the many debates and multitudes ofRead MoreThe United American School System1294 Words   |  6 PagesWhile various people consider the current American school system to be a failure; there are others who maintain belief in its effectiveness. Their argument is built on the idea that schools are not supposed to guarantee success for every student. This expectation of schools to have all or nothing as a measure of success is rooted in the 2001 no child left behind act--a law that attempts to keep everyone on equal ground by focusing on those falling behind in school. â€Å"NCLB pointed to 2014 as the deadlineRead MoreA Brief Note On The State Of Florida1305 Words   |  6 Pages664 citizens and serves approximately 30,000 students. Okaloosa County School District, OCSD, just celebrated their 100th year! Founded in 1915, Okaloosa County School District is currently comprised of thirty-three public schools. OCSD includes two K-12 schools, one K-8 school, a performing arts academy in cooperation with the Northwest Florida Ballet, a school with two locations for severely cognitively disabled students, an alternative education high school, a pre-K center, and two charter schoolsRead MorePersonal Statement For Success And Student Performance1258 Words   |  6 Pageshow we can better serve their needs. Leadership Renewal – I believe it lifelong learning and self-improvement. As a teacher, I evaluate each lesson for success and review student performance to determine how I could have presented information differently. As a future administrator, I know I cannot hope challenge students and staff to improve unless I am continuously looking for new strategies and ideas. Part of my strategy to continually improve is set annual goals for myself. I would setRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Teaching And Teaching817 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching is among the most intricate, eternal and beautiful professions and as a visionary and cultural leader I know that education transcends time and place, deriving much from both social, cultural context and individual style. I am committed to continuously improve my practices with the desire that my leading example instills in my students and colleagues the passion and enthusiasm for learning and teaching. I am a dedicated, resourceful educational professional who consistently take part inRead MoreMajor Events During Colonization Of The First Two Years After Chartering State University1641 Words   |  7 Pagesgoals †¢ Programming initiatives (educational/cultural/faculty) †¢ Chapter and alumni board finances †¢ Fundraising efforts †¢ Impact on Greek and Austin Peay State University communities Kappa Kappa Gamma colonies are held to the same expectations and standards as our chapters. Once installed, the chapter will have key milestones related to succession planning and becoming fully operational. More detail will be provided in question five. Membership Goals (recruitment numbers, GPA): Kappa Kappa Gamma’s membershipRead MoreHow Schools Should Be Taught1832 Words   |  8 Pagestalking about academics, the general subjects, such as science, English, social studies/history, and math will be taught. The school day will begin around 9:00 am and end at 3:45 pm. The ages that will be attending this school are from ages five to eighteen. Students will be put into specific ability type groups instead of number grades. For example, math classes will be based around the knowledge of the student and the tract he or she is on rather than a letter grade. The students will be based aroundRead MoreSan Isidro Elementary School Computerized Grading System (Sies-Cgs)3051 Words   |  13 PagesChapter 1 Introduction Researches in learning assessment, especially in terms of academic performance, have long criticized traditional rating schemes that provide feedback to students. Because learning is multi-faceted, most critiques of such formats tend to see these as superficial and inadequate arguing that they tend to cover only the areas in learning that are widely rated, leaving other areas in learning under-assessed. As a result, different systems were proposed and varying rating structuresRead MorePlanning Time And Instructional Efficacy6300 Words   |  26 Pageswhat students will know or understand from the instruction provided, educators devote more and more personal time into learning and implementing necessary changes in their instructional strategies. Time is an essential component of education. For students, time is spent in the classroom and on nightly homework in order to master skills for their future needs. The teachers’ time is spent mainly providing instruction and the pla nning for instruction to meet the needs of each individual student, along

Applicability of Green Engineering in Construction

Question: Discuss about the Applicability of Green Engineering in Construction Management. Answer: Description about chosen methodology Research methodology is concerned as the detailed process of research processes that leads to the common errors and also creates limits within the research process (Bauer 2014). The concerned methodology is being elaborated in this part of the assignment. Method Outline In contrast with the research topic Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management, the selected research philosophy is positivism that helps in gaining the information based on appropriate logic and evaluation (Choy 2014). However, this research is utilizing the descriptive design processing in this research. Research Philosophy Research philosophy is nothing but the process of evaluating one particular topic that varies and the selection of the research philosophy needs to be effective with appropriate alignment (Dumay and Cai 2015). Positivism is chosen as the research philosophy that offers logical representation of hidden facts. All of these descriptions are provided as with scientific measurements (Flick 2015). Therefore, the positivism rejects the detailed observations and knowledge collections that are enabled during the research process. Justification for choosing concerned philosophy Positivism is selected for this research as the current contexts of the research needs the better analysis and about the information related to data sources (Gast and Ledford 2014). In addition to this, the nature of the study is time limited so the interpretive study was rejected to be implied on this aspect. The manipulations of data are concerned with the process of neglecting the errors involved within the datasets collected. Research Approach Inductive research approach is chosen for this research process. In addition to this, inductive approach is considered as the needed method for this research and enough data can be managed with this research approach (Lushey and Munro 2015). Conversely, the deductive approaches are used for making the research topic established about the previously established norms and policies. In contrast with these facts, this research paper is considering deductive research approach. Justification for choosing concerned research approach Deductive approach is considered as selected research approach. In contrast with these facts, the researcher is concerned this research approach as Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management research topic can only be analyzed and tested with respect to various critical aspects involved within the research (Reynolds et al. 2014). Data Analysis Data are mainly considered for supporting the chosen research methodology and research findings during the research process. In contrast with these facts, the research is managed with the help of data collection processes (Silverman 2016). This segment of the research methodology provides data collection methods and process of data sampling processes. Data Collection Procedure The concerned data collection procedures are concerned in this section and also this can be managed with the help of various critical aspects involved within the segmentation of research processes and data collection methodologies (Smith 2015). Data Sources: Primary and Secondary Data sources are mainly defined as the primary and secondary resources of any research process. The research topic concerned in this research is Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management. In contrast with these facts, there is various critical aspects that can be managed with the help of these data resources (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Primary and secondary sources are considered for this research paper for managing the collected data involved within the research processing involved within the research. In contrast with these facts, primary data is considered for managing the exact data for collecting data to support the research process and experiments (Bauer 2014). In addition to this, there are various aspect that needs to be checked with respect to the secondary data involved within the research process. In addition to this, this section of the research methodology elaborates the primary and secondary data collection methods in this segment. Data Collection Techniques Qualitative and Quantitative Qualitative and quantitative both data collection process and methodologies are utilized in this research process and research findings are established with respect to these information gained with respect to various critical aspects involved within the research methodology concerned with research processes (Choy 2014). Literature resources concerned with the research process are managed for secondary method applied on the research and the primary data is nothing but the process of collecting data from the resources directly and for this aspect the accuracy of information is maintained with respect to various critical aspects involved within the data collection from resources. Sampling techniques The concerned sampling techniques are concerned with the processes and methods that are mainly used buy the resources within the research process. In contrast with these facts, there are various dependencies involved within the research process that needs sampling techniques for databases (Dumay and Cai 2015). Therefore, the sampling technique is very important to be analyzed and tested with respect to various critical aspects. In contrast with all of these facts, the simple random probability sampling and statistical approach for sampling of data are utilized with respect to various aspects involved within the research process (Flick 2015). In contrast with these facts, the regression analysis is considered for managing the research processes as well as for managing the data collection processes involved within the research process. Tools used for Research Methodologies There are various research methodologies that are used for managing the research data collection. Research methodology and data collection methods utilized in this research paper are concerned with the tools a research methodology with respect to research objectives and aims involved within the research process (Gast and Ledford 2014). In contrast with these facts, this research methodology is concerned with regression analysis technique for managing the data sets and collected data. Quantitative data collection: Multiple Regression analysis Regression data analysis is nothing but the process involved within the quantitative data analysis methodology. In contrast with these facts, there are various other factors that needs to be managed and controlled with the help of data collection processes and methodologies involved within any research process (Lushey and Munro 2015). Multiple Regression analysis is utilized in this research for preparing data sets and finding statistical outcomes from the research. In addition to this, this statistical tool and process provided way to derive the outcome of the concerned research involved within this research process. Rationale for choosing concerned method The methodology chosen in this research is nothing but the combination of research philosophy, research approach that makes the research methodology completed. In contrast with these facts, this research has chosen this methodology for the following reasons: This research method provides support to the research process as this research philosophy provides less time consuming processing to the researcher (Reynolds et al. 2014). In contrast with these facts, there this time less time consuming measure helps the research to proceed effectively. In contrast with these facts, the alternative tools and research method can be utilized as correlation analysis and factor analysis. These two analysis processes are helpful in solving various aspects involved within the research process and methodologies (Silverman 2016). The selected research method is helpful in collecting data and also solving various data involved within the research. In contrast with these, the research method is selected for getting close ended questionnaires and the rejected method for research contained open ended questionnaires that may provide difficulties to the research processes (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Therefore, the research process can be easily managed with the help of selected research methods and data analysis techniques. References Bauer, G.R., 2014. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity.Social Science Medicine,110, pp.10-17. Choy, L.T., 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science,19(4), pp.99-104. Dumay, J. and Cai, L., 2015. Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure: a critique.Journal of Intellectual Capital,16(1), pp.121-155. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R., 2014.Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Lushey, C.J. and Munro, E.R., 2015. Participatory peer research methodology: An effective method for obtaining young peoples perspectives on transitions from care to adulthood?.Qualitative Social Work,14(4), pp.522-537. Reynolds, D., Creemers, B., Nesselrodt, P.S., Shaffer, E.C., Stringfield, S. and Teddlie, C. eds., 2014.Advances in school effectiveness research and practice. Elsevier. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.

The Effects of Inflation Targeting

Introduction Inflation is an increase in the prices of goods and services in the economy. It is linked to a variety of other economic factors and phenomena, both as a cause and result of inflation. These factors can be quite varied and can result in both negative and positive impacts on the economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governments, usually through their central bank, have various methods to identify and reduce inflation. However, the response is invariably political in nature, primarily because the efforts to lower inflation can sometimes result in a lack of attention to issues such as unemployment. Additionally, inflation does not target all industries equally. Special attention to inflation made on the part of banks and government entities may insufficiently lower process in one industry, or ignore another sector. Due to th e globalized nature of the economy, allowing inflation to continue unchecked can have disastrous consequences, not only to the nation it originates in, but also in nations it is trading with. Prime example of inflation and poor economic or political responses and its effect throughout the world, is from the most recent recession of 2007-2009. Also known as the Great Recession which is one of the biggest financial crises since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. What is the principal premise behind inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is an economic policy where authorities set a monetary goal and shape the policy to match it through the use of interest rates and other budgetary tools. These figures are what dictate the prices of products within the country. Using this form of policy is a secure method in regulating the costs of conducting business. In other words, the amounts paid out in labor and production remains lower than the value received. In theory inflation targe ting is straightforward: the impending rate of inflation is predicted by the central bank, later on it is juxtaposed with the target rates which the government considers as appropriate for the economy and intends to achieve. The difference between the predicted amount and the goal determines how much monetary policy has to be adjusted (Mishkin, 2001). This type of financial manipulation is meant to avoid a shortage of available goods, as well as to encourage public investing and savings into capital funds such as stocks and bonds in order to maintain the overall money supply.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What evidence indicates that managing the money supply is the principal task of inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is a method used by the Central Banks in order to control the economy as well as maintain stability in the financial markets. This means the B ank is responsible for keeping a balance between the supply and demand for money. Taking into account that numerous transactions use currency, there is a significant influence of money on economy of the country. In order to increase the supply of available funds, Banks will reduce interest rates, which encourage investments and also give more buying power to the consumer. An increased sale on goods persuades corporations to order more materials and increase production. The expansion of business performance requires more employees and influences on the demand for capital goods. The prices are raised with the influence of the situation caused on the stock market in a supple economy. This in its turn forces companies to deal with debts and equity. If the money supply continues to expand, prices begin to rise and banks will then raise interests’ rates in order to offset the inflation rate. However, if left un-monitored or in the case of the recent recession, reducing interest rat es too low will have a disastrous impact on the economy. Some experts believe this was the main cause of the current downturn; loose lending on the part of the Banks coupled with no-money down loans provoked a rapid rise in the housing market. When this same market crashed, a majority of the loans went into default and with no capital to collect on; Banks were facing real dangers of bankruptcy. Is there an ideal rate of Inflation? Ideally inflation rates should be stable at 2 percent per year allowing room for economic growth. Amounts which are over 3 percent or below 1 percent are generally a cause for concern. The United States for example, has experienced low levels of inflation recently due to the sluggish economy following the Great Recession. Currently the inflation rate is about 2.5 percent of the gross domestic product which is up from the negative 1.3 percent during the recent economic decline (Losman, 2010 Luojia Toussaint-Comeau, 2010).Advertising We will write a c ustom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Have monetary policy makers embraced policy initiatives through extensive understanding of these relationships? What does evidence show? After the recent economical crisis, emergency interventions were implemented in order to rescue many national financial systems. Stimulus plans and major bailouts became a major factor in financial policies. In the United States the â€Å"ARRA (The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009)† (Isidore, 2009), was created in order to take immediate action against the growing crisis. Its primary objectives include: job creation, investment in infrastructure, education, health and capitalize on the green movement. The estimated cost of the recovery program is over $700 billion (Isidore, 2009) The main principal behind the ARRA is that â€Å"†¦during recessions governments should offset the decrease in private spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration† (Isidore, 2009). Despite official statements made by government officials about recent economical stability, the general population remains pessimistic. Falling income, rising unemployment and an increase in energy and food costs, have critics believing the country is still in crisis and possibly facing another recession. Works Cited Isidore, Chris. â€Å"The Great Recession†. CNNMoney. March 2009. Web. July 2012. Losman, Danakan.. (2010). â€Å"The Rise of Stealth Inflation†. Challenge, 2010. Questia Trusted Online research. Web. July 2012. Luojia, Hu, Maude Toussaint-Comeau. â€Å"Do Labour market activities help predict inflation?† Economic Perspectives. Questia Trusted Online research. 2010. Web. July 2012. Mishkin, Frederic S. â€Å"Inflation Targeting†. National Bureau of Economic Research. July 2001. Web. July 2012.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on The Effects of Inflation Targeting was written and submitted by user Angelina Mayo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Abortion Essays (747 words) - Fertility, RTT, Abortion,

Abortion Abortion is the worst thing a woman can do against human dignity. It is a crime against life. No woman has the right to kill a new living being. Many countries ban abortion and many institutions fight against it. Abortion is immoral and it should not be legalized. Abortion is also a threat to the mother's health. A woman can suffer an infection or internal bleeding. She could also become sterilized, the permanent inhability to bear a child. Abortion not only kills the baby but may kill the mother too. During an abortion, despite the use of local anesthesia, 97% of the women report severe pain, and if a more powerful drug is used she could suffer dangerous side effects. Many complications are common after an abortion, like inflammation of the reproductive organs. As well, there is strong evidence that abortion increases the risk of breast cancer. Women that abort increase their chances of getting breast cancer by 50%, and teenagers with no previous pregnancies that abort after the 8th week increase their probability by 80%. Unicef states that 250,000 women die every year because of legal and illegal abortions: 75,000 of them die of self-inflicted abortions; 75,000 die of convulsions; and the other 100,000 die of blood poisoning caused by an infection of the uterus. Therefore, if abortion is legalized there will be not only more fetal murders but also more mothers will die. None of the methods women use to abort are completly safe. One of the most common methods used is Suction Aspiration. The doctor uses a special tool to suck the baby into a collection bottle. Great care must be taken to prevent the uterus from being damaged, which would cause hemorrhage. A woman with hemorrhage will need a blood transfusion that could cause her AIDS. Also infection may easily occur if fetal tissue is left behind in the uterus. Another method used for babies as old as twenty four weeks, is the Dilation and Evacuation. Sharp jaws are used to grasp different parts of the unborn baby which are then torn away. The skull of the baby must be crushed to facilitate the procedure. Another technique used by a lot of pregnant women is the RU486. The RU486 are pills used to abort the undesired child. These pills have very dangerous side effects. They could cause severe bleeding, nausea, vomiting, pain, and even death. In France a woman died because of this drug while others suffered life threatning heart attacks. Also RU486 can cause severe malformations in later pregnancies. Therefore the baby is not the only one that is endangered. The baby's mother not only has to deal with physical consequences, but also psychological problems that could last for a lifetime. Women that abort usually suffer severe traumas. Once, a woman was rapped by five men. She didn't want to have the child, but her pain and embarrasment were so great that she couldn't abort until the last month. She is still in psychological treatment. Psychologist Wanda Franz states, "Women feel worthless because they failed at the most natural of human activities, the role of being a mother." Women report horrible nightmares of children calling them from a trash can full of body parts and blood. Surgical abortions aren't as traumatic as chemical abortions. Women having chemical abortions often see the complete tiny bodies of their babies and are even able to distinguish the developing hands and eyes. So traumatic is this for some future mothers that it is recommended that women that are not prepared for this, do not take the drug. Researchers call these phychological problems the Post Abortion Syndrome (PAS). Women that suffer from PAS experience drug and alcohol abuse, personal relationship problems, repeated abortions, and even suicide. Of all the women that abort, 56% feel guilty and suffer PAS. In the United States there are over 3000 Pregnancy Crisis Centers which help women that are facing unplanned pregnancies. They make the future mothers realize that her baby deserves to have the chance of living. They tell them that if they can't support the baby then she could give it up for adoption but not kill him. Do women have the right to steal the life of a new living being? Killing a person is illegal, so why should a fetal murder be legal? You have to ask yourself these questions and realize that when a woman aborts, she is acting like any other murderer. Researchers have discovered that life begins at the moment of conception in the mother's uterus,

Convergent boundary Essay Example

Convergent boundary Essay Example Convergent boundary Paper Convergent boundary Paper Describe the major topographic relief elements on the solid surface of the earth and briefly explain their deposition in relation to the plate tectonics concept. Have you ever wondered where mountains come from, why there is a sea floor, island arcs or even volcano and what plate tectonic have to do with this? Well worry no more as all your question on the earths surfaced topographic relief elements and plate tectonics are about to be answered. The first question that might come to mind is what is a relief? A relief is a land form that is naturally developed or created on the earths surface, and the study of hose land forms is called topography as such the term topographic relief is just land forms that are studied. These landforms are able to be studied through theories that were originated by pioneers such as Alfred Wagoner, Harry Hess, J. Outs Wilson and many others, theses men all contributed to plate tectonics; which is the study of the plates that makeup the lithosphere, their movements and how these movements has influenced changes in the surfaces topography (Stealer, 2011 , 389). These plates either sink in to the mantle creating subsection zones which occurs at convergent plate margins r move away from each other causing magma to rise and spread this occurs at divergent plate margins. These plate margins create various relief elements such as volcanoes, Fold Mountains, sea floors and many others. How they do this is not a mystery as at convergent plate margins its the rising of magma that creates volcanoes. Convergent plate margin consist or two plates oceanic and continental The topographic elements that are formed here are due to three occurrence, oceanic-oceanic plates colliding, continental oceanic plates and continental-continental plates colliding (Mueller, 2005, 140). When a continental and an oceanic plate meet a major topographic feature that will form is a volcano, this is an upward mountain that usually have an opening (vent) through which magma or gas flows. And yes plate tectonics concept explains this. The concept of plate tectonics is that the divided crust which is called plates move and due to the movement of a continentals of this are Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Peel in Martinique. Where two of the same plates meet in this case oceanic-oceanic the denser of the two will sink and is stead Of a single volcano form a curved volcano mountain island chained is formed above the sub-ducted plate and example of this can be seen through the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean and Aleutian Peninsula of Alaska these are topographic element that are too created by the concept of plate tectonics. The last but not the least is the collision of a continental-continental plates, none of these plates sing as such constant movement causes them to collide or slide over each other in anyway the same land form is formed. It is here that the highest mountains in the world grow as at this collision solid rock is crumpled and faulted. Huge slivers of rock, many kilometers wide are thrust on top of one another like a fold, forming a towering mountain range. The pressure here is so great that an enormous piece of Asia is being wedged sideways; slipping out of the way like a watermelon seed squeezed between your fingers an excellent example of this is Himalayan Mountain Range in Asia. These topographic elements arent the only ones in existence as divergent plate margins also contributes to major topographic relief. Divergent plate boundaries are where two plates are moving apart from one another (Ritter, 2012)usually oceanic-oceanic . The topographic features that develop at this boundary are due to extension of the plate boundaries which causes rifting in continental and oceanic crusts Stealer, 201 1, 419). This extension is caused by rising convectional currents from the stratosphere, as they rise and approach the surface, convection currents diverge at the base of the lithosphere. The diverging currents exert a weak tension or pull on the solid plate above it. Tension and high heat flow weakens the floating, solid plate, causing it to break apart (see figure 2). The two sides of the now split plate then move away from each other, forming a divergent plate boundary. The space between these diverging plates is filled with molten rocks (magma) from below. Contact with seawater cools the gamma, which quickly solidifies, forming new oceanic lithosphere. The continuity of this process builds a chain of submarine volcanoes and rift valleys called a mid ocean ridge or an oceanic spreading ridge. Examples of this can be seen where the Eurasian plate and the North American plate are moving away from each other to form the mid Atlantic ridge located in the Atlantic Ocean near Iceland. In concluding topographic features on the earth surface are formed through the concept of plate tectonics which is the study Of the plates that makeup the lithosphere, their movements and how these movements has influenced hanged in the surfaces topography (Stealer, 2011 , 389). The movements of these plates form convergent plate boundary and divergent plate boundary and at each of these boundaries a different topographic relief id formed. At divergent the separation of oceanic plates forms oceanic ridges and at the convergent volcanoes, Fold Mountains, mountains and island arcs are formed. Features observed at these margins share some similarities but, also vary quite largely. These differences are caused by the different movements displayed at each boundary and the types of plates involved; oceanic or continental.

Intrercultural communication - group case study Research Paper

Intrercultural communication - group case study - Research Paper Example The behaviors and communication of people are largely determined by the culture they have learnt or have grown accustomed to and which they derive their world views from. When cultures are facing challenges as the ones being faced by the Chinese and Americans in terms of culture, barriers to communication such as stereotypes, discrimination, ethnocentrism and prejudice are likely to take place and these may cause conflict (Martin & Nakayama 55). In this case therefore, Americans with their outspoken nature are likely to regard the Chinese as weak because they tend to lean towards humility side and this stereotype may lead to discrimination and especially in regards to leadership positions (Crossan 3). The Americans using this stereotype and because they regard their culture as being the superior one to all the other cultures, take over the power and tend to want to make all the decisions which in turn affect communication patterns in the organization. If this is taking place in China where the majority of the American businesses have moved to, then the Chinese are likely to retaliate negatively and this in turn only affects the business and its objectives of seeking profits. Humility and outspokenness are all about language, its components, the perception it creates, the attitudes it leads to when it comes to communication as well as its variation in communication styles (Martin & Nakayama 140). The Americans apply their outspokenness when making business deals. They use humor more often than the Chinese do and also tend to use slang and other informal language especially in internal communication. This normally tends to create an attitude and perception of openness and employees being much more relaxed in the workplace. When the employees are however used to humility with all its quietness and formalities, they may find the openness disturbing and this may even affect their work performance. They believe in

Digital Cinema Review and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Digital Cinema Review and Analysis - Essay Example The effects used in Gravity are simply astonishing as they hit the viewers emotionally, spiritually, and psychologically. The director, Cuaron, has used his signature style for this movie which is the technique of using long shots. The camera and shooting techniques of the movie have greatly contributed in making it a visually appealing movie and along with that, these techniques have helped in depicting the story and the concepts of the movie pretty well. Gravity tends to be a weighty movie which means that the script had been prepared over a course of five years and the direction of the film only became possible with the new techniques of lighting, shooting, and directing which marked a new era of fictional film making. The story is about a medical researcher who is self-alienated from the community of humans and the Earth. Eventually she is put all alone in space for great stretches of time. Space is an important aspect and metaphor for the film which helps the characters to explore themselves and struggle for survival. In space, in the weightlessness, the inaction of an individual’s personality becomes a physical force. The movie shows many cocoons for survival including ships, stations, and spacesuits which challenge the stark deadliness for an unprotected human of the universe. The space aspect brings in an emotional theme where it is shown that humans can take the Earth’s environment into space in little bits and pieces but the Mother Planet has immense gravity which attracts the human to come back home. There are also physics concepts which come in this theme when the researcher is given deadly barriers to cross making her life-giving atmosphere a threat (Hughes 1). This story is between the Earth and space and in order to bring the heavy story back down to the Earth into the hearts of the audience, the director has used 90

Identity of Interpersonal relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Identity of Interpersonal relationships - Essay Example Identity and perception for example manifest themselves through social interactions with others. Through such interactions, people share ideas and exchange views on varying topical issues in a society. The interactions thus portray the uniqueness of the values of an individual all of which portray both their identities and perceptions about the topical issues. Talk and interpersonal relationships on the other hand are the basis of social interactions. The success of such interactions relies on the uniqueness of an individual and their ability to hold effective social interactions through talk. Humans are social beings who rely on social interactions and talk to create reliable interpersonal relationships. People create new interpersonal relationships on a daily basis. Some of such relationships persist while others die. The survival of the interpersonal relationships relies on the identities and perceptions of the respective individuals in the relationships. As explained earlier, identity refers to the uniqueness of every individual. People therefore form interpersonal relationships depending on their ability to share similar values. The ability to share similar values on the other hand arises from the similarity of the identity of the people. Every profession requires effective personalities and the ability to form successful interpersonal relationships. A journalist for example is a social individual capable of interacting with different people appropriately. A journalist should create effective and reliable relationship with other journalists from other institutions. This way, another journalist would readily share information about news events thereby helping one obtain scoops where possible. Such relationships are forms of friendships that rely on the ability of an individual to share social values with the friend. Additionally, a journalist interviews varied news sources on a daily basis. The

Effects of Antifungal Agents for Fungi and Tumor Cells

Effects of Antifungal Agents for Fungi and Tumor Cells Literary Summary of Effects of Antifungal Agents and ÃŽÂ ³ Interferon on Macrophage Cytotoxicity for Fungi and Tumor Cells. The experimenters in this journal describe the influence of antifungal agents on acquisition of the activated state of the microphage. Stating that the macrophages modify their activity in response to the microbes in an infection. The experimenters continue to state that metabolic functions are factors that may affect the way the cells change their state of activation when testing the toxicity of the chemical substance on cultures. The experimenters noted a particular factor, calling it a marker that targets the neoplastic or microbial cells and kills them. The experimenters discovered when using bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG); that the peritoneal cells when introduced with limited quantities of endotoxin become fully cytotoxic for susceptible tumor cell lines (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). The experimenters exclaim that it is this tumoricidal activity that is the designated marker for the activated macrophages. Continuing this line of thought the experimenters then state that the 1st signal in this activation process is ÃŽÂ ³ Interferon (IFN- ÃŽÂ ³) when testing the toxicity of the chemical substance on cultures for intracellular infection. Experimenters posed that one hypothesis could be that the antimicrobial agents they were going to use may act against the invading fungi by promoting the host immune response. With that hypothesis; the question the authors were trying to answer in this journal is the study of the effector systems of activated murine macrophages against fungi (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). In this journal the experimenters state that they will be working with three target cells. Murine fibro sarcoma cells (3T12); Cryptococcus neoformans H99/C3D, a clone from a human pathogenic isolate that does not increase capsule size in response to physiological concentrations of carbon dioxide [24]; and Candida parapsilosis, a nonpathogenic strain isolated from the laboratory environment (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). The experimenters in this journal used various research items and obtained supplies from Wilmington Massachusetts, the Trudeau Institute in Saranac Lake New York, Detroit Michigan, Gibco in Grand Island New York, Corning New York, and Salt Lake City Utah. The experimenters performed the laboratory experiments at the Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina. Having all the various supplies and research items necessary to perform the experiment the experimenters conducted at least three different experiments for each additive. Periodically all the additives, medium and plastics were checked for endotoxin contamination by amebocyte lysate assay (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). C. neoformans or C. parapsilosis (yeasts) were grown overnight and suspended in modified DMEM and adjustments were made by the hemocytometer and counts yielded 103 yeast for a total volume of 0.2 mL per well. Macrophage, Fungistatic, and the antifungal agent assays were washed five times with DMEM before any yeasts were added. As a control, wells without cells were included for each additive. Wells were then cultured after being prepared on Sabourauds agar after lysing of host cells with a chemical compound of deoxycholate at 0.5% (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). The experimenters did a one-way analysis of variance on each set of three of the experiments. The experimenters in case of finding a difference between grounds a multiple comparison analysis by Tukeys method would be used. Visual results were good, having showed correlation with those found using the more quantitative thymidine release assay for tumoricidal activity (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). According to the results, the macrophage activation for tumor killing appeared to work whereas the antifungal agents had no effect. The experimenters found the serum to be with in tolerance range for human therapeutic purposes. The experimenters explain that a significant cytosidal effect by the macrophages on the tumor cell growth was found and that the next step would be to determine whether macrophage activation for tumor cell cytotoxicity correlated with the ability to inhibit or kill fungal cells (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). With previous knowledge and experience in macrophage activation, the experimenters knew that more consistent results could be obtained if the culture medium was to be left throughout the testing. With previous knowledge of this, endotoxin was used because the experimenters knew it would have no direct effect on antifungal activity. The experimenters determined in previous experiments that the azole compounds used had no prior effect. However, results showed dramatic effects on yeast growth. The experimenters postulated that direct antifungal activity was due in part by human error in the preparation and cleansing phase. This meant that a drug must have remained in the macrophage cultures to give those results. Further testing showed active drug remains within the monolayers or the surfaces of the plastic culture vessel despite extensive washing (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). The experimenters removed the cells from the tissue culture container, washed and lysed in 0.5% deoxycholate again assuring no further contaminates. The process was repeated, after 24 hours desired results showed. The experimenters were able to confirm that the activating effect of AMB in tumor cell killing by macrophages (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). The experimenters were able to show that the primed macrophage was made cytotoxic for tumor cells in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of AMB (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). Having acceptable results and demonstrating findings the experimenters had shown that fungicidal activity did stay within the cells even after having been removed from by an antifungal medium. Tests had shown that the compound was biologically active and attached to the cells. The experimenters explain that this may be useful in understanding macrophage-yeast interactions during antifungal treatment (Perfect, J. et al., 1987). Reference Cited Perfect, J., Granger, D., Durack, D. (1987). Effects of Antifungal Agents and ÃŽÂ ³ Interferon on Macrophage Cytotoxicity for Fungi and Tumor Cells. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 156(2), 316-323. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30136160

Alcoholism among Victorians Essay -- Victorian Era

Alcoholism among Victorians Wrayburn: â€Å"It will be necessary, I think, to wind up Mr. Dolls, before anything to any mortal purpose can be got out of him. Brandy, Mr. Dolls, or - ?† Mr. Dolls: â€Å"Threepenn’orth Rum.† --Our Mutual Friend by Charles Dickens Throughout Victorian society â€Å"gin was the preferred spirit of the lower class, while wine and brandy were imbibed by the more comfortable citizenry† (Alcoholic Beverages 12). During the nineteenth century, the Victorians had high expectations of their class system to make sure the classes were distinct and properly represented. They â€Å"valued controlled, propitious behavior† and would tolerate nothing less (Harding Victorians and Alcohol). There was a â€Å"cultural value placed on teetotaling,† total abstinence from alcoholic drinks, but despite this value â€Å"alcohol consumption became a popular pastime† (Harding Victorians and Alcohol). Behavior such as drunkenness was strongly disapproved of because of its association with the lower class. Alcoholism: Representation of the Working Class It was widely known that â€Å"drunkenness, and the related loss of self-control, was associated with the lower classes† and therefore had negative connotations (Harding Victorians and Alcohol). Spirits, a popular hard liquor, â€Å"had become the everyday drink for less wealthy people† and â€Å"laborers commonly used spirits to flee from their desolate everyday lives† (Harding Victorians and Alcohol). The awful working and living conditions of the working class contributed to their â€Å"hard, controlled, and monotonous life, [leading] to excessive drinking of hard liquor† (Harding Victorians and Alcohol). This excessive drinking would sometimes result in public intoxication which was â€Å"regarded as anti-s... ...ss, Inc. 1996. 12. Distad, Merrill N. â€Å"Food and Diet.† Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. 1988. 304-307. Garwood, John. â€Å"Religious and moral Character of the Pensioners, and Provisions made for their Instruction.† Social Investigation/Journalism – The Million-Peopled City. (1853): 94-96. 11 Mar. 2005 Harding, Stephen. â€Å"Alcohol.† Victorians’ Secrets. â€Å"Absinthe and Victorians.† Victorians’ Secrets. 2000. University of Texas at Arlington. 24 Feb. 2005. Kent, Christopher A. â€Å"Drink.† Twentieth-Century Britain: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995. 239-240. Murdock, Catherine Gilbert. Domesticating Drink: Women, Men, and Alcohol in America, 1870-1940 . Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Boston Lyric Opera Essay

1. BLO’s eight customer objectives The first objective is to gain generous contributions. The amount per donator, ration between new donators and new contacts (collection rate) and the total amount of the donators and contributions are ways to measure how this aspect is doing. Incentives for the staff should also be incorporated into these objectives, especially ones that steer the process towards multi-year support programs. To measure the board involvement and recruitment, it is important that the reputation of the new board member is blameless and since operating in Boston, a local person with strong ties to the community would be better. To measure involvement the easiest way is to look the member’s activity, how many times they’ve been in meetings and how they’ve acted to build strategy. For example number of new initiatives. Also hours spent educating the board members about strategy and vision could be one measurement. Building an artistic reputation is hard and so is measuring it. Reviews on papers give a sight how the opera is doing, but the best way to know is to make a consumer survey for example once a month. Also comparing the growth in visitors between BLO and other operas gives an idea. Rating different aspects is another way to measure the artistic view. Giving value for example to the lead singer or the orchestra will help to understand how the opera is doing on its main field. These measures aren’t very proactive though, but helpful anyway. One objective is to launch a residency program. Its success can be measured by the amount of acceptances to invites and by comparing the audience amounts to normal. Like when measuring artistic reputation, the best way to measure how exciting and diverse opera’s repertories are is to see reviews and audience amounts. The grading system works when the given grades are compared to the rivals’ same grades and the shows are compared. These are of course not proactive measures. BLO wants to collaborate with other major artistic institutions like museums and theatres. Also other operas and specially talents working in them are important. One way to measure collaboration is the amount of tickets to opera that our associates sell. How many per cent of the total amount of sold tickets is it and have these collaborations brought new visitors to BLO. Community support and focus on community programs can be measured with the amount of local donators and specially the amount of new supporters. Has the PR-campaign been affective? Have local companies supported the opera? This can be measured with the amount of companies. Measurements that measure processes in line with the strategy are not always easy to find and it usually takes a lot of time to find the right ways to use them. Often they need to be adjusted or reset to fit the strategy. The main challenge is to find measures that are pro-active and directive instead of controlling. 2. Boston Lyric Opera had not really measured their organizational performance before. This had ultimately caused lack of focus and limited accountability. Boston Lyric Opera was mainly led by qualitative values as quantitative measures and financials were not the topmost factors in decision making. The new general director Janice Del Sesto and BLO’s board acknowledged that there was a history of expensive opera productions and large losses in Boston’s opera scene and they had to adapt a new business philosophy in order to operate fiscally. Non-profit organizations often have a lack of focus and their strategy concentrates to too many things at the same time. Ken Freed, a BLO board member, acknowledged that a more formal strategic planning process was essential for BLO in order to avoid mistakes that several arts organizations had made in the past. They decided to adapt the Balanced Scorecard to focus their strategic planning process. Using the Balanced Scorecard, BLO and its employees could see their day-to-day activities within a bigger and more strategic context. They started the change by defining BLO’s mission, strategy, competitive advantages, and distinguishing characteristics that would make it unique. The biggest change here was BLO reshaping its strategy. They acknowledged that their most important â€Å"customers† in this situation are the people who resourced their organization. BLO received nearly 70 percent of their operating budget from sources other than ticket sales, mostly from donors and supporters. BLO decided to place donors and supporters as their main interest group in the Balanced Scorecard. They were the body that enabled BLO to carry out their mission and strategy. Even though Boston Lyric Opera is a non-profit organization and its output is intangible, its organizational performance can be measured by quantitative measures. The Balanced Scorecard would bring quantitative measures alongside the qualitative measures. The Balanced Scorecard required BLO to quantify their activities. BLO acknowledged that and they for example created a database where they linked quantifiable donor data to qualitative information about donor meetings etc. Basically, the Balanced Scorecard required BLO to be managed like a business. 3. Lyric Opera had a new question ahead of them. They had to figure out what they wanted to become. BLO’s existing strategy was not valid anymore as their operating expenses rose and revenues from ticket sales were limited. BLO decided to adapt the Balance Scorecard in order to set new strategic objectives and measure their performance against those objectives in order to overcome to challenges they were facing. Adapting the Balanced Scorecard, BLO was able to compose a clear and precise strategy. Actually, the strategy itself was quite complex and multidimensional but the Balanced Scorecard gave it a framework that presented the new strategy clearly. BLO set three strategic themes that they felt were important in reaching their goals and they had objectives and measures of success for all of the themes. Using the Balanced Scorecard and the strategy map, BLO was also able to communicate the new strategy clearly to their staff, stakeholders, and other associates. The fact that BLO now had sufficient information of their organization and operations, it could draw new donors to them. By using the Balanced Scorecard, BLO recognized their key success drivers and they started to focus on the activities that had the greatest impact on their goals. They all had a clear common goal and BLO’s staff worked cross-departmentally, motivationally to reach the goal of providing unique, uality opera in Boston. However Jessica Del Sesto and Sue Dahling-Sullivan faced some difficult challenges and barriers to capture the above-mentioned benefits. There was some opposition from a few board-members of changing the organization’s governance structure, adapting the Balance Scorecard and managing an art organization by quantitative measures. These â€Å"old school† members did not under stand that BLO could not compete with the great opera houses and they could not standout from the crow without differentiating in some way. Del Sesto and Dahling-Sullivan were still able to carry out the new strategy and capture the benefits to make BLO a highly successful arts organization. One of the most crucial parts of the adapting a new strategy was to communicate the strategy clearly to their staff, board members and other stakeholders. It is an unconditional requirement that people understand the new strategy and its benefits in order it to succeed. Del Sesto and Dahling-Sullivan used the strategy map in communicating the new strategy and it clearly presented the reasons and benefits of the new strategy and it lighten opposition substantially. . The departmental managers and the employees of BLO are more empowered after the BSC but the artistic leaders are less. The managers are now more empowered because every department now gets to plan its own scorecard, and describe the ways how the department would meet the high level strategic goals. The employees are with the scorecard more empowered, as they can see the w ork in a more strategic context and therefore set priorities more effectively themselves. However the artistic leaders felt that the scorecard and specially the repertory planning template could limit their opportunities in designing productions. . Del Sesto uses the BSC as a managerial system. The BSC purely concentrates on the big picture; everything is based to support strategy. Del Sesto believes that the BSC helps her to steer board members’ attention to proper tasks. Also, she thanks BSC for helping employees to think more strategically, and with greater clarity towards their objectives. All in all, Del Sesto is clearly more interested on the management aspect of the BSC. One explanation to this is that BLO is a nonprofit organization. Its reason to exist is not to make profit to its owners but to offer culture to the community. All the objectives connected to the three main points are easier to measure with controlling measurements. 6. Kaplan and Norton have studied the success of BSC implementations in different organizations. They have concluded five principals that contribute greatly to the success. These principals can also be found on BLO’s BSC implementation. The process started with planning. Group consisting members from all functions thought in several meeting how the BSC should be made and what BLO is now and what it wants to be. All possible views were brought to conversations and the members were challenged to use their imagination. As a result the group made three strategic themes which determined the main points to BLO’s future strategy. These three big themes were divided to smaller parts and brought to a form that is clear to everyone in the organization. This is similar to Kaplan’s and Norton’s principal 1, where the strategy is translated in to operational terms. The BSC was completed by determining the actions to be made so that the strategy can be fulfilled. After this all parts of the organization got to make scorecards of their own and were so committed to the strategy. The whole organization was aligned to meet the strategy (Principle 2). The project succeeded because BLO was able to find the crucial processes and finish them through. The personnel were part of the developing strongly. During the process of creating the BSC, the role of the entire staff in overall success was emphasized. This made them easier to adapt the new way of doing things and easier to understand the strategy and how it can be fulfilled (Principle 3). Often when BSC implementation fails it is because the scorecard is considered to be only management’s project, just a top-level adjustment. As always with large scale organizational changes, also this project faced some resistance. Some board members and artistic staff were unsure about the motives for changing the old customs. This problem however was solved, as the need for change was successfully communicated through various levels of the organization (Principle 5). Other crucial point which was done well was the targeting. The mission was announced clearly and the goals were easy to understand. The three major themes were chosen wisely and chopped in to smaller pieces well.

International Resort Spa Management Essay Example

International Resort Spa Management Essay Example International Resort Spa Management Essay International Resort Spa Management Essay 1.0 Introduction The Hilton hotel is a worldwide international hotel, the hotel chain markets in the luxury segment with over 3,800 resorts and hotels around the world. (HiltonHotelWorldwide, 2012) In 1925 Conrad N. Hilton opened the first Hilton hotel, following on from his guidance, commitment and motivation today, the Hilton Brand is one of the appreciated names today continuing on from 1927 Conrad had already expanded the Hilton brand to Waco, Dallas and Abilene at the time Texas finest hotels (HiltonHotelWorldwide, 2012). Around the 1940s Hilton began to spread to New York with the purchase of the Roosevelt and Plaza Hotel the success lead to Hilton to become one of the first coast to coast hotel groups in the United States. The successes of Conrad Hilton lead him to appear on the cover of Time magazine and he was also the first hotelier to achieve acknowledgment and in the 1960s appeared on Cover again (HiltonHotelWorldwide, 2012) after the death of Conrad the brand awareness of Hilton Hotels continued to grow and introduce a number of programs for its loyal customers, the program was called Hilton HHonors, this program allowed customers to gain member points and air miles points. In 1995 Hilton Hotel launched its first website giving the access to customer to make hotel bookings and access special offers. In today’s society the Hilton Hotel has become a global success expanding to countries around the world. This report will critically analyse how the Hilton uses its value chain to build up its customer loyalty. 2.0 Market Segmentation The process of Market Segmentation is defined by Kotler (2005) â€Å"Diving a market into distinct groups of buyers with different needs, characteristics or behaviour, who might require separate products or marketing mixes† It’s important that the Hilton divided their chosen segments into different groups of buyers, since the Hilton is a worldwide there will be a number of buyers who require unique wants and needs. The majority of the Hilton market is luxury segments meaning that they will require and except a high level of service. 2.1 Demographic Segmentation The Demographic market segment is based on the different factors in relation to family size, age, sex, family life cycle and income, this particular segment relates with the popular bases of customers wants and needs relating to personality and behaviour (Kotler, 2005) the Hilton hotel segment realise in the luxury segment offering customer luxury goods and services. 2.1.1 Income Segmentation The process of this segment divides groups into income segments in order to relate with products and service benefit the specific income group. The Hilton Hotel benefit from a range of hotel brands to benefit particular customer wants and needs. Hilton Hotels provide 10 different hotel brands such as Conrad Hotels and Resorts, Hilton Hotel and Resorts, Hilton Garden Inn and Hilton Grand Vacations; they range from Luxury to standard hospitality with the range of different brands and services, Hilton are able to offer customers to choose particular services which benefits their wants and needs. In able for Hilton to range their customer’s income to a particular hotel they will need to follow the socio-economic groups. 2.1.2 Socio-economic group The method allows to divided up markets in order to range in different status groups, this method will benefit a role on which product and service can be sold to which specific customer. The groups are spilt into 6 sections based on occupation then represented with the following letters A, B, C1, C2, D and E. The Socio-Economic group defined by Monk (1978) cited by (Wedel and Antonio, 1999) A- Upper Middle Class (High Professional) B- Middle Class (Middle Professional) C1-Lower Middle Class (Supervisor) C2-Skilled Working Class- (Junior) D- Semiskilled and Unskilled Working Class E-Person at the lowest level of subsistence- (Pensioner, Widows) The Hilton currently attracts customer from status group A, B and C1 the Hilton offers more of a range of high quality products and services to customers with a high income and are willing to spend money on luxury goods. The Hilton hotel brand doesn’t attract and market the C2, D and E status groups a much higher income is need to stay in Hilton Hotels and to get the full experience of the products and services. 3.0 Customer Loyalty Loyalty schemes as known as Loyalty programs are defined as a way for rewarding customer behaviour or customer loyalty and a way to continue customer loyalty is encouraging repeat business. (Lawson-Body Limayem, 2004) There are a number of methods used to describe loyalty schemes including reward programmes, loyalty cards and point cards. It’s vital that hospitality firms keep the balance between their loyal and repeated customers. In order to keep a record of loyal customers many firms introduce loyalty schemes. Loyalty schemes are issued to customers based as a program to seek the relationship between the buyer and the brand. Lawson-Body Limayem (2004) evaluate customer loyalty â€Å"The development of loyalty involves building and sustaining a relationship with a customer, which leads to the repeated purchase of products and services over a given period of time† 3.1 Hilton HHonors Hilton HHonors is a loyalty scheme that offers customers exclusive membership benefits and services. Hilton HHonors allows customers to receive hotel points and airline points; customers will be able to stay in over 3,750 hotels in 84 different countries also benefits customers to receive hotel points from the other Hilton brands (HHonors1Hilton, 2012).Hilton HHonors offers their members more exclusive products and services than regular customer service benefits. Hilton HHonors benefits customers to access exclusive services in order for customers to have a pleasant and efficient stay Hilton HHonors allows customers to have the services they may require without the hassle of communicating with a member of staff. Hilton HHonors have the benefits of Expedited Check-In. This service benefits customers efficient checking by providing their HHonors account number this allows customers to have their credit card and room preferences on file allowing customers to check in quicker than previo us measures(HHonors1Hilton, 2012). Therefore the benefits for exclusive services can change the behaviour of the customer knowing the service they are receiving is benefiting their wants and needs its more likely to value from repeat business. 3.1.1 Membership Levels The loyalty from Hilton HHonors can lead to membership levels is particularly values customer benefits who regularly stay with Hilton more than a number of times, increases the chance of a higher membership status. This service is known as an Earn Elite, these statuses increase varying the number of stays, point’s value to the customer, a reasonable number of points can value to higher membership levels with much higher service opportunities including free wireless, room upgrades and health club privileges (HHonors1.Hilton, 2012) Membership levels range from blue being the lowest and diamond being the highest. The blue membership offers customers express late check-out, expedited check-in and HHonors Guest Manager, which is a service that allows customers to make special requirements during their stay. This blue membership benefits customers who want extra requirements based on their wants and needs. The diamond membership is focuses on customers who are willing to spend more for higher quality of services and products such as extra rewards points, complimentary high-speed internet access and executive lounge access among other Hilton brands (HHonors1.Hilton, 2012) 4.0 Hilton Hotel’s Policies and Strategies Hospitality firms such as the Hilton aim to improve their communication with customers at the highest possible standard in order to keep their returning customers and making sure that they are able to communicate with the message Hilton is offering. By following vital policies and strategies the Hilton Hotel can deliver to their customers offering outstanding products, services and experiences to customers. 4.1 Staff Training The Hilton Hotel have establish a range employment training programs to ensure the best and high quality customer service enabling that staff will offer to their customers. The Hilton Hotel is a luxury firm and wants to give their customers a luxury experience when staying at the Hilton, it’s important that hospitality firms need the right customer expectations to exceed the highest level of customer service. Esprit training is an employment development program which is proven to build up better and satisfied training for Hilton employees (HumanResourceManagementInternationalDigest,2004). The Esprit training allows employees to evaluate their experience and effectiveness of their training, then their employee is process on to an separate training record with includes assessments, records their technical and behavioural skills, once their 12 weeks is up employees will process onto their Esprit workshop which values the understanding of the Hilton core morals (HumanResourceManag ementInternationalDigest,2004).. Once their workshop is successfully finished, the employees become a member of the Esprit Club. Esprit shows that employees can successfully become more motivated and higher employee fulfilment benefiting to gain higher quality of customers service rather than benefiting from regularly employment training, leading to higher revenue and profits within the firm. 4.2 Hilton Hotel Global Policies The Hilton hotel follows understandable policies in order to improve the communication and procedures of customer satisfaction. The Hilton hotel provides a worldwide global policy in order to protect in improve their importance and safety of personal information. The Hilton hotel uses a wide source of communication techniques, 4.2.1 Internet sources The internet is one of the well-known methods for communicating with customers, especially regarding personal information. The use of online resources is used for collecting information from online bookings, surveys and collecting personal data. The Hilton use electronic delivery to send emails, promoting special offers and newsletters its aims to improve the use of information that can be communicated to customer efficiently and rapidly. Online methods are also used for delivering their products and services they offer online for customers to experience before they visit one of the Hilton Hotels. The Hilton website provides a variety of information that customers wish to access, therefore allows customers to gathering particular parts of information required for their wants and needs. The product and service offered on their Hilton may have influence customers to even attempt booking. 5.0 Hilton Hotel’s Value Chain The value chain benefits for the customers, employees, owners and shareholders (Duboff Huckestein,1999). Customers at the Hilton are very important. Since customer priorities and needs are forever changing customer satisfaction should be consider and observed at all time, Hilton ensure that feedback is provided at all time. This method allows monitoring and processing the improvements to requiring that customer’ expectations are met in order to service high quality service and delivering the highest possible standard for service. The Hilton should benefit from giving customers more importance than they anticipated, therefore increasing the benefits of loyalty customers and repeat business. Consider valuing new customers more the first time can increase the chances of word of mouth and repeat business as new customers mainly don’t receive high level of service the first time. With the encouragement of motivation and value to employees, employees are more likely to benef it to give customers a much higher level of customer service in order to increase the value. The value of the owners and shareholder value the Hilton by creating higher revenue and enhancing the property and value shares towards Hilton. 6.0 Conclusion In conclusion, the Hilton Hotel is able to provide and serve customers with the highest possible quality of service and the Hilton has shown that by being the number hospitality firm in the world. Customer loyalty is the number deliverance Hilton is providing to customers. HHonors enables to allow customers to stay at Hilton and ensuring that all requirements are met at its highest possible standard at all time. The Hilton is in a position where they are currently marketing to the Luxury market, as the luxury segment is known to be able to spend the considerable amount of expenditure to receive the highest amount of exceptional quality service, although offering a more standard quality of service however to enabling to serve high quality service. The Hilton to should offer value for money rooms for those customers who are looking for a benefit of high quality service at a lower value, therefore the Hilton will be targeting customers with all different requirements.

Help Your Children Live Up to Their Full Potential Essay Example

Help Your Children Live Up to Their Full Potential Essay Example Help Your Children Live Up to Their Full Potential Essay Help Your Children Live Up to Their Full Potential Essay Several ways parents can help their children live up to their potential. One of the most important and effective relationships children have in their lives is with their parents. Parental involvement is essential to the early educational development of children. Creating effective learning habits will shape the childs attitude for many years to come. Despite some parents and families desire to provide the best for their children, some are unaware of how to become actively involved. Without consistency at home, children are not given the motivation needed to do well in school. Nevertheless there are several ways that parents can help their children live up to their full potential. The first way a parent can help their child succeed is through encouragement and positive reinforcement. Many children that have trouble succeeding in school just need a little encouragement and someone to believe in them. A good example of this would be, whenever a child says, â€Å"I cant do it. Re-assure them that they can do anything that they put their minds to. Doing this changes the child’s process of approaching the problem. Therefore, I cant do it, turns into, I can do anything. Positive re-enforcement lets the child know that if my parents believe that I can succeed than I must be doing something correctly. The next step in helping your child live up to their full potential is to create a routine and follow a strategic educational plan. Parents must take an active position in their child’s educational process. For instance, if your child is supposed begi ns there homework as soon as they return home from school, do not deviate from this routine. Routines provide children with a sense of responsibility, which makes the child accountable for his or her learning experience. Next parents should develop a system with set goals and expectations, so that the child can feels as if they are working towards something important. When a goal is met, it should be acknowledge and rewarded. In addition to providing encouragement, structure, and setting goal parents need to guide their children in the right direction. Children should constantly be reminded about the importance of a good education. Inform your child that having good grades through school lead to attending the best collages, and attending the best college leads to having a better job and making more money. Children need to understand that learning is a process that over time can be mastered. In conclusion, parents need to comprehend that every child has different learning capabilities. Children absorb information differently, some more quickly than others. Parents should be patient and unwavering when it comes to their child’s education. By implementing the steps discussed in this essay parents will be able prepare their children with the tools necessary to reach their full potential.

GBH liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GBH liability - Essay Example Section 42 of the OAPA 1861 affirmed that an attack is committed in the case of unlawful violence or violence committed to another person. This statement was revised by the CIA in 1988. The action of violence was clearly stated and under which circumstance this section was relevant. Violence committed to a person under unlawful means is a crime as this will endanger the life of the victim.Sarah’s consent to sexual intercourseDespite Sarah’s approval to sexual relations, she was unaware of Richard’s HIV status. She did not consent to be infected with the HIV. Richard committed offense as he consciously transmitted the HIV to Sarah. This was with the knowledge that it would result to a life threatening condition to Sarah.  Ã‚   According to this case in matters pertaining R v Clarence and R v Dica, while it is appropriate in terms of sexual consent, it does not address the matter of acceptance to the endangerment of grievous body impairment. This may be as a resu lt of sexual relations by modes of sexually transmitted infections.. In both cases, the defendants did not inform their partners that they had the HIV. The partners also were ignorant of the status of their sexual partners. Sarah was ignorant of Richard’s sexual transmitted disease condition. Sarah consented to sexual intercourse, but she did not consent to the risk of the viral infection. For a sexual partner’s consent to the dangers of contracting the HIV to be valid; the approval of the other partner ought to be an informed consent (Card et al, 2012). Hair cutting issue Sarah was not happy that Richard cut her hair; she opted to remain quiet on this topic. She weighted her love emotions for Richard and remained silent. Sarah did not consent to her hair being cut; this is regarded as actual body harm to Sarah.

Ethical Implications of Takeovers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical Implications of Takeovers - Case Study Example The integrity question is the major ethical issue involved in this case, where Lisa is torn between challenging Mr. Jeffrey Anderson for overlooking the accounting discrepancies that have been noted on the financial statements of the Fragrance Company. The issue becomes an ethical dilemma for Lisa, because on the one hand, she needs to be true to her profession and also loyal to her organization, while she also needs to keep the acquired team close to her, since it is among the organizational workforce that Lisa will be working with. Whichever decision that Lisa chooses to take, she will cause detrimental suffering to other parties. This is because; if she chooses to overlook the accounting discrepancies in the Fragrance Company financial statements, the Home and Personal Care Products will suffer the detrimental effects of inaccurate basis of acquisition of the Fragrance Company. On the other hand, if she chooses to challenge Mr. Jeffrey Anderson over the discrepancies, she is likel y to distance herself from the newly acquired team that she will be working with, as part of the larger company.   Stakeholders involved in the ethical issue The stakeholders involved in this ethical issue are many. First, there is the shareholders of the Home and Personal Care Products, who will be directly affected by the acquisition of the Fragrance Company. This is because, the Home and Personal Care Products shareholders will be losing financially if the acquisition is completed based on the fraudulent and misrepresented financial statements.

Diversity Activity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity Activity - Assignment Example The activity initiates learning and appreciation of diversity differences and consequent effects as conflicting behaviors. Students can develop tolerance towards opposite gender since the activity promotes sharing of ideas on cultural diversity among students. The activity enhances the involvement of both able and challenged students, encourages, and promotes involving disabled students. The creation of an inclusive learning environment, through the activity, is of notable importance to middle school learners. The chain of diversity is one of the activities that instructors in middle school can use to create awareness on different cultures among students. The activity creates togetherness among students by informing them on their similarities. 5. Every student reads to the class what he or she considers as a similarity in cultures among the class members. After completing the second stage of the activity, students share their views with colleagues by reading out their points on the differences in cultures. 7. To keep the students aware of the diverse similarities and differences in cultures highlighted, students pin the paper strips around their class walls. The paper strips are arranged as a link in a chain as a demonstration of cultural link. In assessing the impact of the activity on students’ sensitivity to diversity, the instructor may ask related questions to different cultures highlighted by students during the activity. The level of participation of students during the activity acts as a credible scale of determining the students’ level of sensitivity towards diversity in culture. When students have high enthusiasm and willingness in highlighting the points, they have a high level of awareness on the topic. The extent to which students answer questions after the activity is credible means of determining their level of sensitivity towards the diversity

Translation and Technology Essay Example for Free

Translation and Technology Essay Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Series Editors’ Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction 1 Definition of Terms Machine translation Human-aided machine translation Machine-aided human translation Human translation The localization industry Conclusion 2 Translation Studies and Translation Technology Translation theory Academic and professional groups in translation Linguistic theories in machine translation systems Translation studies The translation process Conclusion 3 Machine. Translation Systems Major historical developments Architectures Hybrid and interactive  machine translation systems Online machine translation systems Commercial machine translation systems Reasons for using machine translation systems Conclusion vii ix xii xiv xvi 1 6 8 11 13 14 19 20 22 22 26 30 36 43 55 57 58 66 84 85 87 89 91 viii Contents. 4 Computer-Aided Translation Tools and Resources Workbenches Translation support tools and resources Localization tools Commercial computer-aided translation tools Standards for data interchange Conclusion 5 Evaluating Translation Tools Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Stakeholders Evaluation methods General frameworks for evaluating translation tools Conclusion 6 Recent Developments and Future Directions Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Translation systems with speech technology. Translation systems for minority languages Translation on the web Machine translation systems and the semantic web The localization industry Conclusion 7 Translation Types Revisited Relationships between topics and translation types Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Conclusion Appendices References Index 93 93 106 113 117 119 128 129 129 131 133 135 139 151 152 152 156 157 162 164 166 170 171 172 173 191 193 195 197 204 218 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9. Classification of translation types Machine translation model Machine translation system based on usage Human-aided machine translation model Machine-aided human translation model Chronology of translation theories Translation process model Example of sentence representations Holmes’ schema of translation studies. A schema of  applied translation studies A model of the translation process including pre- and post-editing tasks Example of an English SL text and its pre-edited version Unedited and post-edited Spanish machine translation output Example of natural and controlled languages Example of original English text and its AECMA simplified English version Example of natural English, simplified English and simplified Arabic texts Example of an English controlled language text and its translations Illustration of the translation process using a machine translation system. Chronology of machine translation development Example of structural representations Machine translation architectures Direct translation model Interlingua model Interlingua multilingual machine translation system model Transfer model Transfer using tree-to-tree parsing Transfer multilingual machine translation system model ix 7 9 10 12 13 23 29 31 37 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 54 58 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 x List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 3. 10 3. 11 3. 12 3. 13 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 16 4. 17 4. 18 4. 19 4. 20 4. 21 4. 22 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 6. 1 6. 2. Statistical-based model Probabilities workflow in the statistical-based approach Example-based model Translations by online machine translation systems Example of HTML code in a web page Example of the web page without HTML code Example of a translation workflow using a translation memory system Example of an English source text Pre-translation 1 Database model in translation memory systems Reference model in translation memory systems. Flowchart to illustrate how to build a parallel corpus Example of a text header in a corpus Example of part-of-speech tagging Example of a concordance for the word ‘round’ Types of tool used in a localization project Example of the translation process using a machine translation system, a translation database and a terminology database Example of TMX  data-sharing Example of a header in TMX. Example of a body in TMX Example of a header in TBX Example of a body in TBX Example of XLIFF in the localization process Example of a header in XLIFF Example of a body in XLIFF Example of an alternate translation element in XLIFF Example of a glass-box evaluation Example of a black-box evaluation Example of an evaluation process Standardization projects for evaluating machine translation systems EAGLES general evaluation framework Future-use model of translation technology. Speech technology in translation 78 80 81 87 99 99 102 102 103 103 104 109 110 111 112 114 117 120 121 122 124 125 126 127 127 127 138 139 141 142 145 154 158 Tables 1. 1 3. 1 An example of a table for describing translation types Example of a word entry in KAMI 8 67 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16 7. 17 7. 18 7. 19 7. 20. Imitation in the example-based approach Semantic similarity in the example-based approach Classification of commercial machine translation systems Example of perfect matching Examples of fuzzy matching Higher and lower threshold percentages for fuzzy matching Examples of matching suggestions for ‘bow’ Example of segments Example of translation units Example of English-French translation units from a database. Classification of commercial computer-aided translation tools Degree of automation Human intervention Integrated tools Application of theory Application of theory in machine translation systems Source-language texts Target-language texts Stages of the translation process Types of text Language dependency Types of source language Data interchange standards in translation Translation groups. and data interchange standards Levels of evaluation Methods of evaluation Features in a machine translation system Language coverage in machine translation systems Texts and computer-aided translation tools Language dependency in computer-aided translation tools Number of languages in computer-aided translation tools 82 82 88 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 118 174 175 175 176 177 178 180 181 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 194 195 Boxes 1. 1 5. 1 A translator at work FEMTI evaluation framework 14 147 Series Editors’ Preface Recent years have witnessed momentous changes in the study of Modern Languages, globally as well as nationally. On the one hand, the rapid growth of English as a universal lingua franca has rendered the command of other languages a less compelling commodity. On the other hand, the demand for intercultural mediators including translators and interpreters has grown as a result of many recent social, political and economic developments; these include legislative changes, the emergence of supranational organisations, the ease of travel, telecommunications, commercial pressures raising awareness of local needs, migration and employment mobility, and a heightened awareness of linguistic and human rights. Today, linguistically oriented students wishing to pursue a career in which they are able to further their interest in languages and cultures would be more inclined to choose vocationally relevant courses in which translation and interpreting play an important part rather than traditional Modern Language degrees. Thus the possibilities for professional work in translation and interpreting have been extended, particularly as a result of developments in technology, whether as facilitating the translation process or as a means of dissemination and broadening access to communications in a range of media. The role of translation is, for example, becoming increasingly important in the context of modern media such as television and cinema, whether for documentary or entertainment purposes. And the technological possibilities for providing interpreting services, whether to the police officer on the beat or to the businessperson on a different continent, have extended the previously physically confined nature of mediating the spoken word. Not only do these new vistas open up opportunities for the professional linguist, they also point to expanding areas of research in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Practice and theory are of mutual benefit, especially in the case of a relatively young discipline such as Translation Studies. As a result, the first aim of this series, written primarily for the MA and advanced undergraduate student, is to highlight contemporary issues and concerns in order to provide informed, theoretically based, accounts of developments in translation and interpretation. The second aim is to provide ready access for students interested in the study and pursuit of Modern Languages to xii Series Editors’ Preface xiii vocational issues which are of relevance to the contemporary world of translating and interpreting. The final aim is to offer informed updates to practising professionals on recent developments in the field impacting on their discipline. Linguistic, Culture and Translation Studies University of Surrey Guildford UK GUNILLA ANDERMAN MARGARET ROGERS Acknowledgements I am indebted to three individuals for their contributions. This book would have taken more time to complete if it had not been for Chooi Tsien Yeo who researched background information for me. Words cannot express my gratitude to Stephen Moore, in between translation deadlines, for putting his experiences as a professional translator into writing. I am extremely indebted to Paul Marriott for his comments and suggestions, particularly on helping to visualize a new way to depict the multidimensional classification of translation types in Chapter 7. I would like to acknowledge especially the Duke University Libraries and Institute of Statistics and Decision Science at Duke University in providing me with the environment and research facilities where most of this book was written. Also my thanks to the National University of Singapore Libraries, George Edward Library at the University of Surrey, and the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science at the University of Waterloo for their help. I would also like to acknowledge the following authors, publishers and organizations for allowing the use of copyright material in this book: John Hutchins, Harold Somers and Elsevier (Academic Press Ltd) for the classification of translation types in Chapter 1; Eugene Nida and the Linguistic Society of America for the translation process in Chapter 2; John Smart and Smart Communications, Inc. for the controlled and simplified English samples in Chapter 2; Francis Bond and Takefumi Yamazaki for the KAMI Malay–English dictionary entry in Chapter 3; Paolo Dongilli and Johann Gamper for the building of a parallel corpus in Chapter 4; Tony Jewtushenko and Peter Reynolds of OASIS for XLIFF in Chapter 4; Enrique de Argaez at Internet World Stats for the statistical figure on the Internet population in Chapter 6; Michael Carl, Reinhard Schaler, Andy Way, Springer Science and Business Media, and Kluwer Academic Publishers for the model of the future use of translation technology in Chapter 6. To Antonio Ribeiro, Tessadit Lagab, Margaret Rogers and Chooi Tsien Yeo, my most sincere thanks for translating from English into Portuguese, French, German and Chinese respectively. I am solely responsible for any translation errors that occurred. A special thank you goes to Elsie Lee, Shaun Yeo, Angeliki Petrits, Mirko Plitt and Ken Seng Tan for answering some of my queries. xiv Acknowledgements xv  To Caroline, Elizabeth, Gillian and Lyndsay, thank you for helping out with keying in corrections on the earlier drafts. Lastly, to my ‘sifu’ and friend Peter Newmark, a big thank-you for all the translation discussions we had during our coffee–biscuit sessions years ago. If it had not been for the series editors, Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, this book would not have been written. I am forever grateful to both of them for their feedback and comments. Thanks to Jill Lake of Palgrave Macmillan for her patience and understanding due to my ‘country-hopping’ from Southeast Asia to North America during the writing of this book. Waterloo, Canada CHIEW KIN QUAH List of Abbreviations. ACRoTERMITE AECMA AIA ALPAC ALPS ALT-J/C ALT-J/E ALT-J/M AMTA ASCC ASD ATA BASIC BLEU BSO CAT CAT2 CESTA CFE CIA CICC CRATER CTE CULT DARPA DBMT DIPLOMAT DLT DTS EAGLES EARS EDIG Terminology of Telecommunications European Association of Aerospace Industries Aerospace Industries Association of America Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee Automatic Language Processing System Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Chinese Automatic Language. Translator Japanese to English Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Malay Association of Machine Translation in the Americas Automatic Spelling Checker Checker AeroSpace and Defence American Translators Association British American Scientific International, Commercial Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling Computer-Aided Translation Constructors, Atoms and Translators Campagne d’Evaluation de Systemes de Traduction Automatique Caterpillar Fundamental English Central Intelligence Agency Center of International Cooperation for Computerization Corpus Resources and Terminology Extraction Caterpillar. Technical English Chinese University Language Translator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Dialogue-based Machine Translation Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Distributed Language Translation Descriptive Translation Studies Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards Effective, Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text European Defence Industries Group xvi List of Abbreviations xvii. ELDA ELRA ENGSPAN ENIAC EURODICAUTUM EUROSPACE EUROTRA EVALDA EWG FAHQT/FAHQMT FEMTI GENETER GETA HAMT HICATS HT HTML IAMT IATE INTERSECT ISI ISLE ISO JEIDA JEITA JICST-E KAMI KANT KGB LDC LISA LMT LTC LTRAC MAHT MANTRA MARTIF Evaluations and Language resources Distribution Agency European Language Resources Association English Spanish Machine Translation System Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer European. Terminology Database Aerospace  and Defence Industries Association of Europe European Translation Infrastructure d’EVALuation a ELDA Evaluation Working Group Fully Automatic High Quality (Machine) Translation A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE Generic Model for Terminology Groupe d’Etude pour la Traduction Automatique Human-Aided/Assisted Machine Translation Hitachi Computer Aided Translation System Human Translation HyperText Markup Language International Association of Machine Translation Inter-Agency Terminology Exchange International Sample of English Contrastive. Texts International Statistical Institute International Standards for Language Engineering International Organization for Standardization Japan Electronic Industry Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Association Japan Information Center of Science and Technology Kamus Melayu-Inggeris (Malay-English Dictionary) Knowledge-based Accurate Translation Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti Linguistic Data Consortium Localisation Industry and Standards Association Logic-based Machine Translation Language Technology Centre Language Translation Resources Automatic Console Machine-Aided/Assisted Human Translation Machine Assisted Translation Machine Readable Terminology Interchange Format xviii List of Abbreviations. MASTOR MAT METAL METU MLIR MT NAATI NIST OASIS OCP OCR OLIF OS OSCAR PaTrans PAHO PDA PESA RDF RFC SALT SGML SPANAM SUSY SYSTRAN TAP TAUM TBX TEMAA TGT-1 THETOS TMF TMX TOLL TONGUES TS TTS Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator Machine-Aided/Assisted Translation Mechanical Translation and Analysis of Language Middle East Technical University MultiLingual Information Retrieval Machine. Translation National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Oxford Concordance Programme Optical Character Recognition Open Lexicon Interchange Format Operating System Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use Patent  Translation Pan-American Health Organization Personal Digital Assistant Portuguese-English Sentence Alignment Resource Description Framework Request for Comments Standards-based Access to Lexicographical Terminological Multilingual Resources Standard Generalised Markup. Language Spanish American Machine Translation System Saarbrucker UbersetzungsSYstem System Translation Think-Aloud Protocols Traduction automatique a l’Universite de Montreal TermBase eXchange Testbed Study of Evaluation Methodologies: Authoring Aids Text-into-Gesture Translator Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator for Polish Terminological Markup Framework Translation Memory eXchange Thai On-Line Library Act II Audio Voice Translation Guide Systems Translation Studies Theoretical Translation Studies List of Abbreviations xix WebDIPLOMAT WebOnt WWW W3C XLIFF XLT XML Web Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Web Ontology World Wide Web WWW Consortium XML Localisation Interchange File Format XML Representation of Lexicons and Terminologies Extensible or Extensive Markup Language This page intentionally left blank Introduction For over half a century, the demand for a variety of translations by different groups of end-users has enabled many types of translation tools to be developed. This is reflected in the systems that will be discussed in this book, ranging from machine translation systems, computer-aided translation tools and translation resources. The majority of books and articles on translation technology focusing on the development of these systems and tools have been written from the point of view of researchers and developers. More recent publications written with translators in mind have focused on the use of particular tools. This book is intended as an introduction to translation technology for students of translation. It can also be useful to professional translators and those interested in knowing about translation technology. A different approach is taken in that descriptions of particular tools are not provided, and the development of different machine translation and computer-aided translation tools and their uses are discussed. Programming details and mathematical equations are not considered, except in the discussion of the statistical approach to machine translation where minimal essential formulae are included. Descriptions are given to allow readers to further investigate specific approaches or issues that might interest them, using references cited throughout the book. It is also important to note that no particular approach or design is deemed to be better than any other. Each and every one has their strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, readers will find that examples of systems and tools are given but this does not suggest that they are the best; they are simply examples to illustrate the points made. 1 2 Translation and Technology While researching this book, I discovered that the majority of publications from the literature on translation technology are about the development of machine translation systems, primarily involving experimental systems developed or being developed at a number of universities and large commercial corporations across the globe. The book will show that many of these systems never achieved their commercial potential and remained as experimental tools, while some others served as tools for other natural-language processing applications. By contrast, not much literature seems to be available on computeraided tools such as translation memory systems. As we shall see in this book, most computer-aided translation tools are developed by commercial companies and, as a result, progress reports on these tools are rarely published in the public domain. Furthermore, to cater to different needs and demands, a tool like a translation memory system comes in many versions from the most basic to the most advanced. Insights into the use of these tools can be found in translator magazines and occasionally also posted on the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation of translation tools falls into a field that is wellresearched. Again we will see that most of the literature focuses on the evaluation of machine translation systems. Furthermore, the extensive use of translation tools and translation processes involved in the localization industry tend to be discussed separately, giving the impression that they are not related to translation. These two areas are, however, directly relevant to translation technology. Hence they are also included in this book. Essentially, the book contains what is felt should be included in order to provide an overview of translation technology. In order to keep the book at the given length, the topics have been carefully selected with some described in greater detail than others. In some chapters, an abbreviated historical background has been deemed necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the topics discussed, especially in the description of the development of machine translation systems and their evaluation. However, in all cases, references have been provided which readers may choose to pursue at a later time. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of every chapter (Chapters 1 to 6). The first chapter discusses the definitions of terms referring to the use of computers in translation activities. Some of the terms can be confusing to anyone who is unfamiliar with translation tools. In some cases, the same translation tools are given different names depending on what they are used for; in other cases, a tool may be differently classified depending on the perspective of those who have developed that tool. Introduction 3 The aim in this chapter is therefore to clarify these terminological and related matters. An alternative perspective to the four basic translation types – fully automated high-quality machine translation, human-aided machine translation, machine-aided human translation, and human translation – first proposed by Hutchins and Somers (1992) is introduced to reflect current developments in translation technology. This will be explored in more detail in the final chapter where the four translation types are reviewed in relation to topics described in the book. The second chapter discusses technology within the larger framework of Translation Studies as a discipline, focusing on the relationship between the engineering of translation technology, on the one hand, and Translation Studies including translation theory, on the other hand. The relationship between academic and professional groups involved in translation is also examined. This in turn leads to a discussion of the involvement of a particular approach in linguistic theories – known as ‘formalisms’ in natural-language processing – especially in the design of machine translation systems. A different perspective on the translation process involving pre- and post-editing tasks using a special variety of language called ‘controlled language’ is also presented. This translation process is described using the translation model proposed by Jakobson (1959/2000), a translation model that differs significantly from the one proposed by Nida (1969). The third chapter gives detailed descriptions of different machine translation system designs also known as ‘architectures’. The development of machine translation over several decades, its capabilities and the different types of machine translation systems, past and present, are also included. Both experimental and commercial systems are discussed, although the focus is on the experimental systems. Even though machine translation has been well-documented elsewhere, a discussion is deemed to be important for this book. It is felt that modern-day professional translators should be informed about machine translation systems because there is every reason to believe, as we shall discover in Chapter 6, that future trends in translation technology are moving towards integrated systems where at least one translation tool is combined with another, as is already the case in the integration of machine translation with translation memory. The fourth chapter describes the architectures and uses of several computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memory systems, as well as resources such as parallel corpora. Unlike machine translation systems, which are largely developed by universities, most computeraided translation tools are developed by commercial companies. Thus, 4 Translation and Technology information about such tools is harder to obtain. This chapter will also show that computer-aided translation tools are becoming more advanced and using different operating systems, and so ‘standards for data interchange’ have been created. Three different standards are described. Currently available commercial translation tools are also discussed. In addition, this chapter presents an overview of other commercially available tools such as those used in the localization industry. The fifth chapter touches on the evaluation of translation technology. The discussion focuses on different groups of stakeholders from research sponsors to end-users. Also included in the discussion are the different methods of evaluation: human, machine, and a combination of human and machine as evaluator. The choice of method used depends on who the evaluation is for and its purpose. It also depends on whether an entire tool or only some components are evaluated. Also described in this chapter is the general framework of evaluation offered by various research groups in the USA and Europe. The literature on evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of machine translation systems either during the developmental stage or after the process of development is completed. Less information is available on the evaluation of computeraided translation tools. What is available is found mainly in translation journals, magazines and newsletters. The sixth chapter presents some recent developments and shows the direction in which translation technology is heading, in particular regarding the future of machine translation systems that are now incorporating speech technology features. The integration of speech technology and traditional machine translation systems allows translation not only between texts or between stretches of speech, but also between text and speech. This integration is proving to be useful in many specific situations around the globe especially in international relations and trade. This chapter also looks at research projects in countries that are involved in the development of translation tools for minority languages and discusses the problems encountered in developing machine translation systems for languages that are less well-known and not widely spoken. Another form of technology called the ‘Semantic Web’ that has the potential to improve the performance of certain machine translation systems is also described. Included in this chapter, too, are issues such as linguistic dominance and translation demands on the WWW that are already shaping parts of the translation industry. The book concludes by presenting an expanded version of the four basic classifications of translation types as suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) and introduced in Chapter 1. It is concluded that the Introduction 5 one-dimensional linear continuum originally proposed is no longer able to accurately reflect current developments in translation technology. Translation tools today come in different versions and types depending on the purposes for which they are built. Some are multifunctional while others remain monofunctional. An alternative way must therefore be found to depict the complexities and multidimensional relationships between the four translation types and the topics discussed in this book. It is not possible to put every single subject discussed here into one diagram or figure, and so, in order to gain a better understanding of how the issues are related to one another, they are divided into groups. Topics or issues in each group have a common theme that links them together, and are presented in a series of tables. However, it is important to bear in mind that not all topics can be presented neatly and easily even in this way. This clearly shows the complexity and multidimensionality of translation activities in the modern technological world. At the end of the book, several Appendices provide information on the various Internet sites for many different translation tools and translation support tools such as monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and encyclopaedia. Only a selected few are listed here, and as a result the lists are not exhaustive. It is also important to note that some Internet sites may not be permanent; at the time of the writing, every effort has been made to ensure that all sites are accessible. 1 Definition of Terms In translation technology, terms commonly used to describe translation tools are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ machine translation (MT); machine-aided/assisted human translation (MAHT); human-aided/assisted machine translation (HAMT); computer-aided/assisted translation (CAT); machine-aided/assisted translation (MAT); fully automatic high-quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/FAHQMT). Distinctions between some of these terms are not always clear. For example, computer-aided translation (CAT) is often the term used in Translation Studies (TS) and the localization industry (see the second part of this chapter), while the software community which develops this type of tool prefers to call it ‘machine-aided translation’ (MAT). As the more familiar term among professional translators and in the field of Translation Studies, ‘computer-aided translation’ is used throughout the book to represent both computer-aided translation and machine-aided translation tools, and the term ‘aided’ is chosen instead of ‘assisted’, as also in ‘human-aided machine translation’ and ‘machine-aided human translation’. Figure 1. 1 distinguishes four types of translation relating human and machine involvement in a classification along a linear continuum introduced by Hutchins and Somers (1992: 148). This classification, now more than a decade old, will become harder to sustain as more tools become multifunctional, as we shall see in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the concept in Figure 1. 1 remains useful as a point of reference for classifying translation in relation to technology. 6 Definition of Terms 7 MT CAT Machine Fully automated high quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/ FAHQMT) Human-aided machine translation (HAMT) Machine-aided human translation (MAHT) Human Human translation (HT) MT = machine translation; CAT = computer-aided translation Figure 1. 1 Source: Classification of translation types Hutchins and Somers (1992): 148. The initial goal of machine translation was to build a fully automatic high-quality machine translation that did not require any human intervention. At a 1952 conference, however, Bar-Hillel reported that building a fully automatic translation system was unrealistic and years later still remained convinced that a fully automatic high-quality machine translation system was essentially unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960/2003: 45). Instead, what has emerged in its place is machine translation, placed between FAHQT and HAMT on the continuum of Figure 1. 1. The main aim of machine translation is still to generate translation automatically, but it is no longer required that the output quality is high, rather that it is fit-for-purpose (see Chapters 2 and 3). As for human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation, the boundary between these two areas is especially unclear.