An Analysis Of Rousseau s On The Social Contract

Finding Meaning in Rousseau In â€Å"On the Social Contract,† Jean-Jacques Rousseau famously declares, â€Å"Man was/is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† In this essay, I will attempt to explain this famous quote of Rousseau’s. Moreover, through a careful exposition of â€Å"On the Social Contract,† I intend to explain Rousseau’s proposed solution to the conundrum of freedom in society. The preliminary investigation into Rousseau originates with an account of his assertion that, â€Å"Man was/is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† Rousseau postulates that those who consider themselves as rulers of others are, in actuality, more of a slave. Although Rousseau does not indicate how this enigmatic condition transpires, he does consider that he can legitimize the contention. Using an analogy from Causality viz., there must be as much cause as there is in the effect; Rousseau explains that people have a tendency to obey the rules. As long as people are constrained to obey the rules, they do it rather well. Nevertheless, if people were not constrained to obey those rules, they would actually obey the rules better. Rousseau reasons that this analogy corresponds with regaining freedom by means of the same schemes that constricted the freedom in the first place. Specifically, those societal imperatives are a revered right that form the foundation for all other rights. These societal rights are not naturally occurring phenomena. They are, in themselves, based on anShow MoreRelatedThe Social Contract ( P153-224 ) Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe normative social contract, which is the second part of Rousseau s social contract in The Social Contract (p153-224), is meant to act as a response to the problem to which the social contract is supposed to be the viable solution. According to him the ill-favoured state of circumstances that exist in the contemporary societies are laid out in his account of t he moral and political progression of human beings from the peaceful and utopian time of the state of nature where there was equality amongstRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau s Work Essay941 Words   |  4 Pages2015 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28th, 1712. Those who were present had no clue that this child’s life would serve as a catalyst for philosophical and political reform. Rousseau’s writings had so much influence in the 18th century that he â€Å"played a significant role in three different revolutions† (52). In fact his work leaves a legacy so large that you can trace almost all modern revolutions back to his writings. In 1749 Rousseau competed for an essayRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Since The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesFor this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. Contemporary study of neoliberalism and neo-conservatism as in the analysis of Wendy Brown (2006) or of political deliberation and deliberative democracy in the writing of Simone Chambers (2009) is a dynamic consequences of that basic concepts of democracy from the past. During its development, democracyRead MoreJohn Locke And Jacques Rousseau1325 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy 5/4/2016  1. While both John Locke and Jacques Rousseau trusted that each ought to be free and that nobody ought to need to surrender his/her natural rights to a lord, both contrasted on what this situation ought to resemble. Locke had confidence in restricted, delegate government. However, Rousseau had faith in direct government by the general population. The contrasts between John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau need to do as much with dispositions as with frameworks. Both ofRead MoreThe Philosophical Conflict between Freedom and Authority1286 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual living in complete isolation from others, as argued by Rousseau (Cranston, 1993). Other philosophers through the ages had suggested that even that proposition was limited by virtue of the fact that God is the source of all law and all notions of good and bad or definitions of morality and immorality (Rosenstand, 2008). Thomas Hobbes thought that living within any human society necessarily entailed that every individual cede s degree of autonomy to the authority of a sovereign, and that,Read MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State3694 Words   |  15 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY 1. INTRODUCTION: The social contract theory is one of the oldest theories on the origin of state. This theory came into existence as a reaction against the divine origin theory. The term ‘social’ is something which is connected with the society, while ‘contract’ means an agreement between two or more people. Thus a term of political theory, ‘social contract’ implies an agreement that makes society possible .this theory holds that the state is the voluntary and deliberate agreementRead MoreWhat Have Theorists Meant by Liberty? Essay example1589 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli, Rousseau and Milton to identify what they meant by liberty. The ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle thought liberty was an ideal that could not fully exist in its pure form in the human world. Liberty has a different meaning in the modern world than it did in the ancient. Benjamin Constant in 1819 in a speech on `The Liberty of the Ancients Compared to that if the Moderns dr ew a distinction between these forms of liberty. `The aim of the ancients was the sharing of social powerRead MoreAnalyzing the Ideas of Locke and Hobbes on the State of Nature704 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ One of the long pondered debates among political philosophers concerns the state of nature concept underlying much of social contract theory, with the esoteric term being used to describe the hypothetical human condition which logically preceded the institution of organized government. Engaging in a rigorous deconstruction of this hypothetical condition, one defined by a societal structure in which mans rights are not protected by the power of the state, provided political philosophers likeRead MoreSeparation Of Church And State1717 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain some of the approaches of several philosophers handling this peculiar subject. Such philosophers are Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes tried to find a way out of this labyrinth. Traditionally, political theology had interpreted a set of revealed divine commands and applied them to social life. In his great treatise â€Å"Leviathan† (1651), Hobbes simply ignored the substance of those commands and talked instead about how and why human beingsRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source which will be evaluated in depth

Standard Based Grading And Academic Achievement Among...

Standard Based Grading and Academic Achievement among students with Individual Education Plans Nesha Sanders University of the Cumberlands Chapter One: Introduction This study will describe how standard based grading can affect academic achievement in students that have an Individual Education Plan (IEP). Standards-based grading measures as student’s proficiency based on their ability to perform a skill set forth by a state standard. When standards-based grading is implemented students are given clear cut rubrics that outline specific standards that they are assessed on. Subjective grading, i.e. extra credit, participation, getting assessments signed, etc. are not an effective way to measure student achievement because they do†¦show more content†¦For students, and parents of children with Individualized Education Plans, accurate information on learning progress is essential for understanding effectiveness of academic achievement Background for the Study – Most students with disabilities (approximately 85% or more) have disabilities that may create barriers to their learning but do not prevent them from learning to the same standards as other students, if they receive appropriate supports and accommodations (*citation reference 2). Low performing students have always struggled with self-confidence and achieving success in the classroom. Self-regulated performance or performance effort is largely a student responsibility; various external factors have been shown to affect it. These factors often tend to vary as function of the student’s self-beliefs in his or her competence to perform (Tuckman Sexton, 1991). Working in groups also appears to enhance the performance of this average group while engaging in goal setting seems to motivate those with low perceived self-competence (Tuckman Sexton 1991). Students with disabilities may struggle with accessing the content standard at grade level because they lack the foundational skills needed to interact with the material at a higher level of cognitive complexity (Graham Harris, 2013). Therefore, it is important for special education teachers to understand the concepts addressed within theShow MoreRelatedImplementation Of No Child Left Behind1564 Words   |  7 PagesThe ever evolving world of education calls for constant reflection and revision of processes and protocols in a school district. With the implementation of No Child Left Behind, the seed of standard based teaching took root and developed into greater endeavors like the Common Core Learning Standards. As each state has adopted these standards, teachers and students are becoming more aware and accustomed to using the standards every day in the classroom. In moving with this natural progression comesRead MoreGrading System Rationale6250 Words   |  25 PagesGrading Sy stems - SCHOOL, HIGHER EDUCATION Tweet students grades teachers learning ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Search All U.S. Universities Bottom of Form ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form SCHOOL Thomas R. Guskey HIGHER EDUCATION Howard R. Pollio SCHOOL Few issues have created more controversy among educators than those associated with grading and reporting student learning. 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For students, time is spent in the classroom and on nightly homework in order to master skills for their future needs. The teachers’ time is spent mainly providing instruction and the pla nning for instruction to meet the needs of each individual student, along

Applicability of Green Engineering in Construction

Question: Discuss about the Applicability of Green Engineering in Construction Management. Answer: Description about chosen methodology Research methodology is concerned as the detailed process of research processes that leads to the common errors and also creates limits within the research process (Bauer 2014). The concerned methodology is being elaborated in this part of the assignment. Method Outline In contrast with the research topic Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management, the selected research philosophy is positivism that helps in gaining the information based on appropriate logic and evaluation (Choy 2014). However, this research is utilizing the descriptive design processing in this research. Research Philosophy Research philosophy is nothing but the process of evaluating one particular topic that varies and the selection of the research philosophy needs to be effective with appropriate alignment (Dumay and Cai 2015). Positivism is chosen as the research philosophy that offers logical representation of hidden facts. All of these descriptions are provided as with scientific measurements (Flick 2015). Therefore, the positivism rejects the detailed observations and knowledge collections that are enabled during the research process. Justification for choosing concerned philosophy Positivism is selected for this research as the current contexts of the research needs the better analysis and about the information related to data sources (Gast and Ledford 2014). In addition to this, the nature of the study is time limited so the interpretive study was rejected to be implied on this aspect. The manipulations of data are concerned with the process of neglecting the errors involved within the datasets collected. Research Approach Inductive research approach is chosen for this research process. In addition to this, inductive approach is considered as the needed method for this research and enough data can be managed with this research approach (Lushey and Munro 2015). Conversely, the deductive approaches are used for making the research topic established about the previously established norms and policies. In contrast with these facts, this research paper is considering deductive research approach. Justification for choosing concerned research approach Deductive approach is considered as selected research approach. In contrast with these facts, the researcher is concerned this research approach as Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management research topic can only be analyzed and tested with respect to various critical aspects involved within the research (Reynolds et al. 2014). Data Analysis Data are mainly considered for supporting the chosen research methodology and research findings during the research process. In contrast with these facts, the research is managed with the help of data collection processes (Silverman 2016). This segment of the research methodology provides data collection methods and process of data sampling processes. Data Collection Procedure The concerned data collection procedures are concerned in this section and also this can be managed with the help of various critical aspects involved within the segmentation of research processes and data collection methodologies (Smith 2015). Data Sources: Primary and Secondary Data sources are mainly defined as the primary and secondary resources of any research process. The research topic concerned in this research is Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management. In contrast with these facts, there is various critical aspects that can be managed with the help of these data resources (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Primary and secondary sources are considered for this research paper for managing the collected data involved within the research processing involved within the research. In contrast with these facts, primary data is considered for managing the exact data for collecting data to support the research process and experiments (Bauer 2014). In addition to this, there are various aspect that needs to be checked with respect to the secondary data involved within the research process. In addition to this, this section of the research methodology elaborates the primary and secondary data collection methods in this segment. Data Collection Techniques Qualitative and Quantitative Qualitative and quantitative both data collection process and methodologies are utilized in this research process and research findings are established with respect to these information gained with respect to various critical aspects involved within the research methodology concerned with research processes (Choy 2014). Literature resources concerned with the research process are managed for secondary method applied on the research and the primary data is nothing but the process of collecting data from the resources directly and for this aspect the accuracy of information is maintained with respect to various critical aspects involved within the data collection from resources. Sampling techniques The concerned sampling techniques are concerned with the processes and methods that are mainly used buy the resources within the research process. In contrast with these facts, there are various dependencies involved within the research process that needs sampling techniques for databases (Dumay and Cai 2015). Therefore, the sampling technique is very important to be analyzed and tested with respect to various critical aspects. In contrast with all of these facts, the simple random probability sampling and statistical approach for sampling of data are utilized with respect to various aspects involved within the research process (Flick 2015). In contrast with these facts, the regression analysis is considered for managing the research processes as well as for managing the data collection processes involved within the research process. Tools used for Research Methodologies There are various research methodologies that are used for managing the research data collection. Research methodology and data collection methods utilized in this research paper are concerned with the tools a research methodology with respect to research objectives and aims involved within the research process (Gast and Ledford 2014). In contrast with these facts, this research methodology is concerned with regression analysis technique for managing the data sets and collected data. Quantitative data collection: Multiple Regression analysis Regression data analysis is nothing but the process involved within the quantitative data analysis methodology. In contrast with these facts, there are various other factors that needs to be managed and controlled with the help of data collection processes and methodologies involved within any research process (Lushey and Munro 2015). Multiple Regression analysis is utilized in this research for preparing data sets and finding statistical outcomes from the research. In addition to this, this statistical tool and process provided way to derive the outcome of the concerned research involved within this research process. Rationale for choosing concerned method The methodology chosen in this research is nothing but the combination of research philosophy, research approach that makes the research methodology completed. In contrast with these facts, this research has chosen this methodology for the following reasons: This research method provides support to the research process as this research philosophy provides less time consuming processing to the researcher (Reynolds et al. 2014). In contrast with these facts, there this time less time consuming measure helps the research to proceed effectively. In contrast with these facts, the alternative tools and research method can be utilized as correlation analysis and factor analysis. These two analysis processes are helpful in solving various aspects involved within the research process and methodologies (Silverman 2016). The selected research method is helpful in collecting data and also solving various data involved within the research. In contrast with these, the research method is selected for getting close ended questionnaires and the rejected method for research contained open ended questionnaires that may provide difficulties to the research processes (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Therefore, the research process can be easily managed with the help of selected research methods and data analysis techniques. References Bauer, G.R., 2014. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: Challenges and the potential to advance health equity.Social Science Medicine,110, pp.10-17. Choy, L.T., 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science,19(4), pp.99-104. Dumay, J. and Cai, L., 2015. Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure: a critique.Journal of Intellectual Capital,16(1), pp.121-155. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R., 2014.Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Lushey, C.J. and Munro, E.R., 2015. Participatory peer research methodology: An effective method for obtaining young peoples perspectives on transitions from care to adulthood?.Qualitative Social Work,14(4), pp.522-537. Reynolds, D., Creemers, B., Nesselrodt, P.S., Shaffer, E.C., Stringfield, S. and Teddlie, C. eds., 2014.Advances in school effectiveness research and practice. Elsevier. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015.Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.

The Effects of Inflation Targeting

Introduction Inflation is an increase in the prices of goods and services in the economy. It is linked to a variety of other economic factors and phenomena, both as a cause and result of inflation. These factors can be quite varied and can result in both negative and positive impacts on the economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governments, usually through their central bank, have various methods to identify and reduce inflation. However, the response is invariably political in nature, primarily because the efforts to lower inflation can sometimes result in a lack of attention to issues such as unemployment. Additionally, inflation does not target all industries equally. Special attention to inflation made on the part of banks and government entities may insufficiently lower process in one industry, or ignore another sector. Due to th e globalized nature of the economy, allowing inflation to continue unchecked can have disastrous consequences, not only to the nation it originates in, but also in nations it is trading with. Prime example of inflation and poor economic or political responses and its effect throughout the world, is from the most recent recession of 2007-2009. Also known as the Great Recession which is one of the biggest financial crises since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. What is the principal premise behind inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is an economic policy where authorities set a monetary goal and shape the policy to match it through the use of interest rates and other budgetary tools. These figures are what dictate the prices of products within the country. Using this form of policy is a secure method in regulating the costs of conducting business. In other words, the amounts paid out in labor and production remains lower than the value received. In theory inflation targe ting is straightforward: the impending rate of inflation is predicted by the central bank, later on it is juxtaposed with the target rates which the government considers as appropriate for the economy and intends to achieve. The difference between the predicted amount and the goal determines how much monetary policy has to be adjusted (Mishkin, 2001). This type of financial manipulation is meant to avoid a shortage of available goods, as well as to encourage public investing and savings into capital funds such as stocks and bonds in order to maintain the overall money supply.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What evidence indicates that managing the money supply is the principal task of inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is a method used by the Central Banks in order to control the economy as well as maintain stability in the financial markets. This means the B ank is responsible for keeping a balance between the supply and demand for money. Taking into account that numerous transactions use currency, there is a significant influence of money on economy of the country. In order to increase the supply of available funds, Banks will reduce interest rates, which encourage investments and also give more buying power to the consumer. An increased sale on goods persuades corporations to order more materials and increase production. The expansion of business performance requires more employees and influences on the demand for capital goods. The prices are raised with the influence of the situation caused on the stock market in a supple economy. This in its turn forces companies to deal with debts and equity. If the money supply continues to expand, prices begin to rise and banks will then raise interests’ rates in order to offset the inflation rate. However, if left un-monitored or in the case of the recent recession, reducing interest rat es too low will have a disastrous impact on the economy. Some experts believe this was the main cause of the current downturn; loose lending on the part of the Banks coupled with no-money down loans provoked a rapid rise in the housing market. When this same market crashed, a majority of the loans went into default and with no capital to collect on; Banks were facing real dangers of bankruptcy. Is there an ideal rate of Inflation? Ideally inflation rates should be stable at 2 percent per year allowing room for economic growth. Amounts which are over 3 percent or below 1 percent are generally a cause for concern. The United States for example, has experienced low levels of inflation recently due to the sluggish economy following the Great Recession. Currently the inflation rate is about 2.5 percent of the gross domestic product which is up from the negative 1.3 percent during the recent economic decline (Losman, 2010 Luojia Toussaint-Comeau, 2010).Advertising We will write a c ustom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Have monetary policy makers embraced policy initiatives through extensive understanding of these relationships? What does evidence show? After the recent economical crisis, emergency interventions were implemented in order to rescue many national financial systems. Stimulus plans and major bailouts became a major factor in financial policies. In the United States the â€Å"ARRA (The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009)† (Isidore, 2009), was created in order to take immediate action against the growing crisis. Its primary objectives include: job creation, investment in infrastructure, education, health and capitalize on the green movement. The estimated cost of the recovery program is over $700 billion (Isidore, 2009) The main principal behind the ARRA is that â€Å"†¦during recessions governments should offset the decrease in private spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration† (Isidore, 2009). Despite official statements made by government officials about recent economical stability, the general population remains pessimistic. Falling income, rising unemployment and an increase in energy and food costs, have critics believing the country is still in crisis and possibly facing another recession. Works Cited Isidore, Chris. â€Å"The Great Recession†. CNNMoney. March 2009. Web. July 2012. Losman, Danakan.. (2010). â€Å"The Rise of Stealth Inflation†. Challenge, 2010. Questia Trusted Online research. Web. July 2012. Luojia, Hu, Maude Toussaint-Comeau. â€Å"Do Labour market activities help predict inflation?† Economic Perspectives. Questia Trusted Online research. 2010. Web. July 2012. Mishkin, Frederic S. â€Å"Inflation Targeting†. National Bureau of Economic Research. July 2001. Web. July 2012.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This research paper on The Effects of Inflation Targeting was written and submitted by user Angelina Mayo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.